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Wf Daeriev THE APPLE

AND ITS VARIETIES:

BEING

A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION

OF THE

VARIETIES OF APPLES CULTIVATED IN THE GARDENS AND ORCHARDS OF GREAT BRITAIN.

BY

ROBERT HOGG,

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AUTHOR OF “THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM AND ITS PRODUCTS,” AND CO-EDITOR OF “‘THE COTTAGE GARDENER.”

Allustrated with Seventy Engravings of Choice Varieties,

LONDON : GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER ROW.

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LONDON: THOMAS HARRILD, vse SALISBURY SQUARE,

FLEET STREET,

ADVERTISEMENT.

—_+—

Art the time this work was first published, very little attention was paid to the study of Fruits. The sale of such a publica- tion at that period was, therefore, very limited ; and to enable the publisher to realize a return equal to the outlay for its production, the selling price was necessarily high. The circu- lation was thus restricted to a limited number, and persons of small means were prevented from availing themselves of its utility.

But a great change has since taken place. The establish- ment of the British Pomological Society has given a stimulus to this long-neglected branch of horticulture, and the number of individuals who are now engaged in the study and cultiva- tion of fruits is tenfold greater than it was at that period.

Under this consideration it has been thought advisable to reduce the price of this work, so as to bring it within the means of the practical gardener, and those who were formerly prevented from purchasing it at its original price.

The work, as it now appears, is essentially the same as when first published. It contains all the information then, and even now, attainable on the subject; and, though issued seven years ago, it is still the most comprehensive

work of the kind which has yet appeared.

4,

It was my intention, ere this, to have published the companion volume on the Pear, but circumstances have always arisen to prevent me. Perhaps it is as well it has been so, for it has enabled me to get together a far greater mass of information than I formerly had at command; and my large collection of the new Belgian Pears has since come into bearing, and enabled me to add. very considerably to what I originally intended to publish. If spared, it is my inten- tion to carry out this portion of the work with as little delay as possible.

ROBERT HOGG. March 25th, 1859.

TO

MR. ROBERT THOMPSON,

' FOR

THE IMPORTANT SERVICES HE HAS RENDERED TO THE STUDY OF POMOLOGY, AND FOR HIS UNWEARIED LABORS. IN DETERMINING AND ARRANGING POMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. THIS WORK

IS DEDICATED BY HIS SINCERE FRIEND,

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

It is much to be regretted, that of late years, so little attention has been given in this country, to the study of pomology, and that so few efforts have been made to encourge a taste for this most important, most instructive, and intellectual branch of horticultural science.

Towards the end of the last, and beginning of the present century, when the late Mr. Knight was in the full vigor of his scientific pursuits, this was the subject which engaged so much of his power- ful intellect, and from which he succeeded in producing such great and beneficial results. With Mr. Knight as president, and Mr. Sabine as secretary, the Horticultural Society of London did much for the advancement of this subject, and in extending a knowledge not only of the fruits of this country, but of the mostvaluable varieties of the continent of Europe, and America. Through the exertions of these gentlemen, and in conjunction with the illustrious pomo- logists, Dr. Diel and Professor Van Mons, and other eminent conti- nental correspondents, was obtained that vast collection of fruits which once existed in the Society’s garden ; and by means of which that great undertaking of determining and arranging the nomencla-

V1 PREFACE.

ture was accomplished. During this period the Society's Transac- tions teemed with rich, and interesting pomological papers, and several works of a high character were ushered into existence. Of these the most important were the Pomonas of Brookshaw and Hooker, the Pomological Magazine, and Ronalds’s Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis; but these are all of such a class, as from their great cost to be regarded more as works of art, than of general utility. The only one which was at all calculated to be of general benefit was, Lindley’s “ Guide to the Orchard ;” furnished descriptions of, and embraced a greater number of varieties than had hitherto been attempted. This then may be regarded as the most complete work for general reference, with which pomologists in this country had ever been furnished.

a work which

Upwards of twenty years have now elapsed since the “ Guide to the Orchard” issued from the press, and during that period, Knight, Sabine, and many great patrons of pomology have entered into their rest, leaving none behind them to prosecute, with the same vigour, that study which they so much loved and adorned. But although there has been no corporate effort to promote and stimulate this study, private enterprize has not altogether been awanting to keep pace with the rapid progression of the Continent and America; but for this, we might yet have been in total ignorance of many of the most desirable fruits of modern times, and particularly of those valuable varieties, the result of the later labors of Van Mons, Esperen, and others; together with several of considerable merit, furnished by the fertile pomology of the New World.

Since the publication of Lindley’s “ Guide,” therefore, there has not only been such additions to our varieties of fruits, but such a complete reformation and arrangement of pomological nomenclature as to have rendered that book, as a work of reference of considerably less value ; and it was on account of the necessity for a new work, adapted to the wants of the present day, and embracing the most recent information on the subject, that I entered upon the present undertaking. The facilities I have possessed for carrying it out, are perhaps greater than fall to the lot of most men. My earliest

PREFACE. Vil

associations were with fruits and fruit trees ; the greater part of my active life has been engaged in their cultivation and devoted to their study ; and for nearly ten years, I had the advantage of making an annual tour throughout the length and breadth of England and Scotland, during which, I allowed no opportunity to escape of making myself acquainted with the fruits of the various districts, and securing correspondents to whom I could apply, in cases of necessity. With these advantages, I some years ago established an orchard, for the purpose of examining the distinctive characters and deter- mining. the nomenclature of fruits; and there I have succeeded, in securing all the varieties it is possible to procure, either in this country or abroad, and thereby to obtain from personal observation all the information attainable on the subject.

In the execution of this work, my object has been, not to give a mere selection of the best varieties of fruits cultivated in this country, but to describe minutely, and at length, all the varieties with their essential characters, distinguishing those which are, and those which are not worthy of cultivation. I have endeavoured to embrace all the fruits which are recorded as existing in Great Britain, and although it cannot be supposed I have been able to ob- tain the whole of them, still, I have secured such a number as will leave but a very small portion un-noticed. The plan which I have adopted in the general arrangement will be found to em- ‘brace all matters both descriptive, historical, and critical, touching the several varieties. The nomenclature I have followed is, except in some instances for reasons given, that of the London Horticultural Society's Catalogue, a valuable work prepared by that patient and indefatigable pomologist, Mr. Robert Thompson. The advantage of this identity of nomenclature is evident, as it sets at rest that mass of confusion, which so long existed as to the correct names of fruits. In describing each variety, the approved name, that is the name which shall serve as a standard by which that variety shall in future be distinguished, is printed in Roman Capitals; and either abbreviated, or in full length, is annexed the name of the author who first records or describes it. When .the variety is of such antiquity as not to be identified with any particular author, the

Vili PREFACE.

name of the one who first distinctly describes it is given. Following the standard name, is the identification or list of works in which the variety is identified as being described; the synonymes or names by which it is mentioned in all works on pomology, or known in various districts; and then a list of works in which it is most correctly and faithfully figured. Then follow the description, history, and critical observations, when such are necessary. I have furnished diagrams, of the newest, rarest, and most esteemed varieties ;. and this mode of illustration conveys a better idea of the general character of the fruit, than a fore-shortened drawing, and answers the same purpose as a highly finished engraving, without swelling the price of the work to such an extent, as to render it un- available for ordinary use. At the end, I have given lists of the most excellent varieties adapted for various districts of the country, as also such as are suited for being grown as Standards, Dwarfs, and for Cyder. The whole work is terminated by a copious index, which includes all the synonymes, and which of itself, will afford much valuable assistance, in all matters relating to pomological nomenclature.

It now remains for me to acknowledge the favors I have received from many kind friends, who have, by furnishing materials and in- formation, rendered me much valuable assistance. To Mr. Robert Thompson, already mentioned, I am particularly indebted for the hberal way in which he has always supplied me with any informa- tion I required. To the late Mr. John Ronalds, ‘of Brentford, for the free use of his valuable collection; as also to his excellent and much respected foreman, Mr. William Waring. To Mr. James Lake, nurseryman, of Bridgewater, for specimens of, and communications respecting the fruits of the Somerset, Devon, and West of England orchards. To Mr. William Fairbread, of Green-street, near Sitting- bourne, for those of the great orchard districts of Kent. To Mr. Mannington, of Uckfield, and Mr. Henry Barton, of Heathfield, Sussex, for the fruits of these neighbourhoods. To Mr. J. CG. Wheeler, of Gloucester, and the late Mr. Hignell, orchardist, of Tewkesbury. To George Jefferies, Esq., of Marlborough Terrace, Kensington, for some of the valuable fruits of Norfolk ; and to the

PREFACE. 1x

Rev. Henry Manton, of Sleaford. To Mr. Roger Hargreave, of Lancaster, for a complete collection from the Lancashire orchards, To Archibald Turnbull, Esq., of Belwood, near Perth, whose choice and ‘extensive collection, was freely placed at my disposal. To Mr. A. Gorrie, of Annat, and Robert Mathew, Esq., of Gourdie-- hill, in the Carse of Gowrie, for much valuable information, and specimens of the fruits of that great orchard district of the North. To Mr. Evans, superintendent of the Caledonian Horticultural Society’s Garden, Edinburgh, for much valuable assistance derived from a free inspection of the collection of the Society. To my brother, Mr. Thomas Hogg, of Coldstream, for the fruits of the Tweedside orchards, and to numerous nurserymen and private individuals, who have aided me in the prosecution of this work, I now tender my warmest and heartfelt thanks. R. H.

13, Gilston Road, Brompton, Dee., 1851.

nee anne ene

ABBREVIATIONS, AND LIST OF BOOKS REFERRED TO

IN THE FOLLOWING WORK.

. of Gardening and Botany, by John Abercrombie, 1 vol.

Aber. Gard. Dict. 4to., London, 1778. : :

Ace, or ace—When this abbreviation is prefixed to « citation, it signifies according to, or on the authority of, as acc Hort Soc. Cat, according to, or on the authority of the Horticultural Society’s Catalogue.

Aldro. Dend.—Ulyssis Aldrovandi, Dendrologie naturalis scilicet Arborum Historix libri duo. Sylva Glandaria, Acinosumque Pomarium. 1 vol. fol. Bononie, 1668.

Ang. Obs.—Observations sur L’ Agriculture, et Le Jardinage, pour servir d’instruc- tion 4 ceux qui desireront s’y rendre habiles, par Angran de Rueneuve. 2 vols. 12mo., Paris, 1712.

Aust. Orch. i Treatise of Fruit Trees, shewing the manner of Grafting, Planting,

Aber. Dict. ee Universal Gardener and Botanist ; or a General Dictionary

‘Aust. Treat Pruning, and Ordering of them, in all respects, according to 7 y new and easy rules of Experience, &c. &c., by Ralph Austen. 1 vol. 4to., Ozford, 1657.

Bauh. Hist—-Historia Plantarum universalis, Johanno Bauhino. 3 vols. fol. Ebroduni, i and ii. 1650, iii. 1651.

Baum. Cat.—Catalogue général des Végétaux de pleine terre, disponsibles dans Petablishment horticole @’ Aug. Nap. Baumann a Bolwyller, 1850—51.

Bon. Jard,—Le Bon Jardinier almanach pour l’année, 1843. Paris.

Booth Cat,—A Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by G. Booth, Hamburg.

Brad, Fam. Dict—Dictionaire Oeconomique ; or Family Dictionary, &c. &c., by Richard Bradley. 2 vols. fol. London, 1725.

Brad. Treat.—A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening, by Richard Bradley. 3 vols. 8vo., London, 1721—1722.

Bret, Ecole.—L’Ecole du Jardin Fruitier, par M. de la Bretonnerie. 2 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1784.

Brook. Pom. Brit.—Pomona Britannica; or a collection of the most established fruits at present cultivated in Great Britain, &c., by George Brookshaw. 1 vol. fol. London, 1812.

Caled. Hort. Soc. Mem,—Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, 8vo. Edinburgh. vol. 1. 1819, et seq.

Xil LIST OF BOOKS.

Cal. Traité.—Traité complet sur les Pépiniers &c., par Etienne Calvel. ed. 2, 3 vols. 12mo., Paris, NV. D.

Chart. Cat.—Catalogue des Arbres 4 Fruits les plus excellent, les plus rares, et les plus estimés, qui se cultivent dans les pépiniers des Révérendes Peres Chartreux de Paris. 1 vol. 12mo., Paris, 1775.

Christ Gartenb.—Allgemein-practisches Gartenbuch fir Burger und Landmann jiber den Kichen-und Obstgarten, von Dr. Joh. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol. 8vo. Heilbronn, 1814.

Christ Handb—Handbuch uber dié Obstbaumzucht und Obstlehre, &c., von Jon. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol. 8vo., Frankfurt a M., ed. 1, 1794 ; ed. 2, 1797; ed. 3, 1804 ; ed 4, 1817.

Christ Handworter—Pomologisches Theoretisch-practisches Handworterbuch, &c. von Joh. Ludw. Christ. 1 vol 4to. Leipzig, 1802.

Christ Vollst. Pom.—Vollstindige Pomologie &c. &c. von Joh. Ludw. Christ. 2 vols. 8vo., Frankfurt, 1809.

Coles Adam in Eden.—Adam in Eden, or Nature’s Paradise. The History of Plants, Fruits, and Flowers, by William Coles. 1 vol. fol., London, 1657.

Cord. Hist.—Valerii Cordi Historie Stirpium Libri iv. 1 vol. fol., Argentorati, 1561.

Cours Comp. d.Agric.—Nouveau Cours complet d’Agriculture, par M. M. Thouin, Parmentier, Bosc, Chaptal, &c. &c., 16 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1823.

Cone Vi A View of the cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of lice Cult. } the management of Orchards and Cyder, by William Coxe, tee 1 vol. 8vo., Philadelphia, 1817.

Curtius Hort.—Hortorum Libri xxx, auctore Benedicto Curtio. 1 vol. fol., Lugduni 1560.

Dahuron Traité.—Traité de la taille des Arbres Fruitiers, et de la maniere de les bien elever, par René Dahuron. 1 vol. 12mo., Cell, 1699.

Dec. Prod—Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetablis. Aug. Pyr. Decandolle, 8vo., Paris, vol. 1, 1824, et seq.

Diel Kernobst.—Versuch einer systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhan- dener Kernobstsorten, von Dr. Aug. Fried. Adr. Diel. 21 Hfte 8vo., Frank- furt a M., 1799—1819. 6 Bdchn, Stuttgart, 1821.—1832.

Ditt. Handb.—Systematisches Handbuch der Obstkunde, von J. G. Dittrich. 3 vols. 8vo., Jena, 1839—1841.

Doch. Centralobst—Die Allgemeine Centralobstbaumschule, irhe Zwecke und Einrichtung von F. J. Dochnahl. 1 vol. 8vo., Jena, 1848.

Down. Fr. Amer—The Fruit and Fruit Trees of America; or the culture and management in the garden and orchard of Fruit Trees generally, by A. J. Downing. 1 vol. 8vo., New York, 1845.

Duh. Arb. Fruit.—Traité des Arbres Fruitiers ; contenant leur figure, leur descrip- tion, leur culture &c., par Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau. 2 vols. 4to Paris, 1768.

Ellis Mod. Husb—The Modern Husbandman, or the Practice of Farming, by William Ellis. 8 vols. 8vo., London, 1744—1747.

Evelyn Fr. Gard—The French Gardiner ; instructing how to cultivate all sorts of Fruit Trees and Herbs for the garden, &c., by John Evelyn, Esq. Ed. 3 1 vol. 12mo., London, 1672. ,

Evelyn Pom—Pomona: or an appendix concerning Fruit Trees, in relation to Cyder ; the making, and several ways of ordering it, by John Evelyn Published with the Sylva. 1 vol. fol., London, 1829. :

Filass. Tab.—Tableau générale des principeaux objects qui composent la Pépiniere. dirigée par M. Filassier. 1 vol. Paris, 1785. ,

Fors. Treat.—A Treatise on the culture and management of Fruit Trees, by William Forsyth. Ed. 7, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1824. ee

LIST OF BOOKS. XU

Gallesio Pom. Ital.—Pomona Italiana. ossia trattato degli Alberi Fruttiferi di Georgeo Gallesio. fol. Pisa, 1817. et seq.

Gard. Chron.—The Gardener’s Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, edited by Professor Lindley. fol. London, 1841, et seq.

Ger. Herb.—The Herbal, or General History of Plants, by John Gerard. 1 vol. fol., London, 1597.

Gibs. Fr. Gard—The Fruit Gardener, containing the manner of raising stocks, for multiplying of Fruit Trees by budding, grafting, &c. &c. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1768. x*s The authorship of this work is ascribed to John Gibson, Esq., M.D., at one time a surgeon in the Ruyal Navy.

Googe Husb.—The whole Art and Trade of Husbandry contained in foure books, by Barnaby Googe, Esq. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1614.

#.—When this initial of the author’s name is placed after the standard name of any variety, it signifies, that that variety has not been recorded or described in any previous work.

Henne Anweis— Anweisung wie man eine Baumschule von Obstbiumen in grossen anlegen und gehérig unterhalten solle, von Sam. Dav. Lud. Henne. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 8vo., Halle, 1776.

Hitt Treat—A Treatise of Fruit Trees, by Thomas Hitt, ed. 3, 1 vol 8vo. London, 1768.

Hook. Pom. Lond.—Pomona Londonensis, &c., by William Hooker. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1813.

Hort. Soc. Cat.—\ A Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated in the garden of the

Hs.C Horticultural Society of London. 1 vol. 8vo., London,

esd Ed. 1, 1826. Ed. 2, 1842. Ed. 3, 1843. x", The second and third Editions of this work, were prepared by Mr. Robert Thompson, the superintendent of the Fruit department in the Society’s Garden.

Hort. Trans.—Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, 4to., London, vol. 1, 1813, et seq.

Husb. Fr. Orch.—The Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard, &c. &c. 1 vol. 4to, London, 1597. 7

Ibid—When this abbreviation is made use of among the synonymes, it refers to the same work as is quoted immediately preceding it.

Inst. Arb. Fruict.—Instructions pour les Arbres Fructiers, par M. R. T. P. D. S. M. Ed. 3, 1 vol. 12mo., Roven, 1659.

Jard. Frang—Le Jardinier Francois, qui enseigne 4 cultiver les Arbres, Herbes, Potageres, &c. &c. Ed, 4, 1 vol. 12mo., Paris, 1653.

Jard, Fruit—See Nois. Jard. Fruit.

Ken. Amer. Or—The New American Orchardist, by William Kenrick. 1 vol. 8vo., Boston, 1833.

Knoop Pom.—Pomologie ; ou description des meilleurs sortes des Pommes et des Poires, &c. &c. 1 vol. fol. Amsterdam, 1771.

Lang. Pom.—Pomona ; or the Fruit Garden illustrated, by Batty Langley. 1 vol. fol., London, 1729.

Laws. Cat.—Catalogue of Fruit Trees, et cetera. Peter Lawson and Son, Edinburgh,

1851. A New Orchard and Garden; or the best way for planting, ae nian aa grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard, eee &c., by William Lawson. 1 vol. 4to., Lond on 597.

Leslie & Anders. Cat—Catalogue of Hardy Shrubs, Greenhouse and Hothouse Plants, Fruit and Forest Trees, &c., &c., sold by Leslie, Anderson, and Co., Edinburgh, 1780.

XIV LIST OF BOOKS.

Lind. Guide.—A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden ; or an account of the most valuable Fruit and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain, by George Lindley. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1831.

Lind. Plan. Or.—A Plan of an Orchard, by George Lindley, 1796.

M. C. H. S.—See Caled. Hort. Soc. Mem.

McInt. Orch.—The Orchard, including the management of Wall and Standard Fruit Trees, by Charles McIntosh. 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1839.

Maund Fruit—The Fruitist, by Benjamin Maund, 4to., London, published along with Maund’s British Flower Garden.

Mayer Pom. Franc.—Pomona Franconica ; oder natiirliche Abbildung und Beschrei- bung der besten und vorziiglichsten Europaischen Gattungen der Obstbiumen und Fruchte, von J. Mayer. 3 vols. 4to., Miirenberg, 1776—1801.

Meager Eng. Gard.—The English Gardener; ora sure Guide to young planters and gardeners, in three parts, by Leonard Meager. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1670.

Merlet Abrégé—Abrégé des bons fruits, avec la maniere de les connoitre et de cultiver les arbres, par Jean Merlet. ed. 2,1 vol. 12mo., Paris, 1675.

Meyen Baumsch.—Physicalisch-oeconomische Baumschule, &c., von J. J. Meyer. Stettin, 1795.

Mid. Flor.—The Midland Florist, by William Wood. 12mo., Nottingham, V.Y.

Mill. Dict—The Gardener’s Dictionary, by Philip Miller. ed. 8, 1 vol. fol. Zondon, 1768.

Miller & Sweet Cat.—A Catalogue of Fruit and Forest Trees, &c. Sold by Miller and Sweet, nurserymen, Bristol, 1790.

Nicol Gard. Kal—The Gardener’s Kalendar ; or Monthly Directory of operations in every branch of Horticulture, by Walter Nicol. 1 vol. 8vo., Edinburgh, 1810. ,

Nicol Villa Gard—The Villa Garden Directory ; or Monthly Index of work to be done in the town and villa gardens, by Walter Nicol. 1 vol. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1809.

Nois. Jard. Fruit—Le Jardin Fruitier, par Louis Noisette. ed. 1, 3 vols. 4to., Paris, 1821. ed. 2, 2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1839.

Nourse Camp. Fel.—Campania Felix ; or a Discourse of the benefits, and improve- ments of Husbandry, by Tim. Nourse. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1700.

Park. Par.—Paradisi in sole Paradisius Terrestris, &c., by John Parkinson. 1. vol. fol. London, 1629.

Philips Cyder—Cyder, a Poem in two books, by John Philips. 1 vol. 8y0., London, 1708.

Plin. Hist. Nat.—C. Plinii Secundi, Historie Mundi Libri xxxvii, annotat. Jacobi Dalechampi. 1 vol. fol., Frankfurti ad Moenum, 1599.

Poit. et. Turp.—Traité des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel, nouvelle edition augmentée, par Poiteau et Turpin. 5 vols. fol. Paris, 1808, et seq.

Poit. Pom. Frang—Pomologie Frangaise ; Receuil des plus beaux fruits cultivés en _ France, par Poiteau., 4to., Paris, 1838, et seq

Pom. Heref—Pomona Herefordienses ; or a descriptive account of the old Cyder and Perry fruits of Herefordshire, by Thomas Andrew Knight. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1809.

Pom. Lond.—See Hook. Pom. Lond.

Pom. Mag.—The Pomological Magazine ; or Figures and Descriptions of the most important varieties of Fruits cultivated in Great Britain. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1827—1830.

Porte Ville—Ville Jo. Baptiste Porte, Neopolitani Libri xii. 1 vol. 4to, Frankfurti, 1592.

LIST OF BOOKS. XV

Quint. Inst.—Instructions pour les Arbres Fruitiers et Potageres, par M. de la Quintinye. 2 vols. 4to., Paris, 1695.

Quint. Traité.—See Quint. Inst.

Roii. Hist.—Historia Plantarum, Joannis Raii. 3 vols. fol., Londini, 1686, 1693, and 1704.

Rea Pom.—Flora, Ceres, et Pomona, by John Rea. 1 vol. fol. London, 1665.

Riv. Cat—Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by Thomas Rivers, nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth, Herts, V. Y.

Riv. et Moul. Meth.—Methode pour bien cultiver les Arbres Fruits et pour élever des Treilles, par De La Riviere & Du Moulin. 1 vol. 12mo., Utrecht, 1738.

Rog. Fr. Cult.—The Fruit Cultivator, being a practical and accurate description of all the most esteemed species and varieties of Fruit, cultivated in the Gardens and Orchards of Britain, by John Rogers. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1837.

Ron. Cat.—Catalogue of Fruit Trees cultivated by Hugh Ronalds and Sons, Brentford, Middlesex.

Ron. Pyr Mal—Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis ; or a concise description of selected

apples, with a figure of each sort, by Hugh Ronalds. 1 vol. 4to., London, 1831.

Salisb. Orch.—Hints addressed to proprietors of Orchards and to growers of fruit in general, &c. &c., by William Salisbury. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1816.

Saltz. Pom.—Pomologie oder Fruchtlehre enthaltend eine Anweisung alles in freier Luft unseres klimas Wachsende Obst, &c., zu erkennen, von F. Z. Saltzmann. 1 vol. 8vo., Berlin, 1793.

Schab. Prat—La Pratique du Jardinage, par. L’Abbé Roger Schabol. 2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1774. é

Switz. Fr. Gard—The Practical Fruit Gardener, by Stephen Switzer. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1724.

Thomp.—Where this abbreviation is made use of, it refers to the authority of Mr. Robert Thompson, author of the Horticultural Society’s Catalogue of Fruits, and many valuable pomological and other scientific papers.

Toll. Traité—Traité des Végétaux qui composent I’ Agriculture de ’empire Frangaise par Tollard. 1 vol. 8vo., Paris, 1805.

Tragus. Hist—Hieronymi Tragi De Stirpium, &c. interprete Davide Kybro. 1 vol. 4to., Argentorati, 1552.

Walter Gartenb—Allgemeine Deutsches Gartenbuch, von J.J. Walter. 1 vol. 8vo, Stuttgart, 1799.

West. Bot.—The Universal Botanist and Nurseryman, containing descriptions of the species and varieties of all the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, Flowers, and Fruits, native and exotics, &c., by Richard Weston. 4 vols. 8vo., London, 1770, 1774.

Willich Dom. Encye.—The Domestic Encyclopedia, by A. ¥. M. Willich. 5 vols. 8vo., London.

Worl. Vin.—Vinetum Britannicum, or a Treatise of Cyder, and such other Wines and Drinks, that are extracted from all manner of fruits growing in this Kingdom, by J. Worlidge. 1 vol. 8vo., London, 1676.

Zink. Pom.—Dieser Pomologie, von J. C. Zink. 1 vol. fol., Mirnberg, 1766.

BRITISH POMOLOGY.

ETC. ETC. ETC.

THE APPLE.

There is no fruit, in temperate climates, so universally esteemed, and so extensively cultivated, nor is there any which is so closely identified with the social habits of the human species as the apple. Apart from the many domestic purposes to which it is applicable, the facility of its cultivation, and its adaptation to almost every lati- tude, have rendered it, in all ages, an object of special attention and regard. There is no part of our island where one or other of its numerous varieties is not cul- tivated, and few localities where the finest cannot be brought to perfection.

The apple is a native of this, as well as almost every other country in Europe. Its normal form is the Com. mon Wild Crab, the Pyrus Malus of Linneus, and the numerous varieties with which our gardens and orchards abound, ate the result either of the natural tendency of that tree to variation, or by its varieties being hybridized with the original species, or with. each other. It belongs to the natural order Rosacee, section Pomee, and is, by botanists, included in the same genus as the pear. The principal difference between apples and pears, when con- sidered botanically, consists in their stamens and styles; the stamens of the apple have their filaments straight, uni. ted together at the base, and forming a bundle round the styles, of which they conceal the inferior part. All the filaments of the pear on the contrary are divergent, dis- posed almost like the radii of a wheel, and leave the bases

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2 BRITISH POMOLOGY, ETC.

of the styles entirely naked and exposed. The styles u the apple are united at their base into one body, and ar generally villous in that part where they adhere to each other: in the pear, however, they are separate at thei base. But although the apple and pear very much resembl each other in their botanical characters, they differ ver materially in their form, cellular tissue, and specific gravity Apples have always the base umbellicate, or hollowed witk a deep cavity, in which the stalk is inserted, and are generally spherical. The pear, on the other hand, i: elongated towards the stalk, and is generally of a pyramida shape, or nearly so. ‘The cellular tissue of the apple according to the microscopical observations of Turpin, i: composed of a great number of agglomerated, distinc vesicles, each existing independent of the other, varyin; in size in the same fruit, and, in general, larger, as the apple is large and light. These vesicles are colorless anc transparent, and vary in their form according to the wan of space requisite for their individual development. They contain in greater or less abundance, a sugary, acid, o bitter juice, which is perceivable in the different varieties The cellular tissue of the apple possesses no stony con. cretions, and its specific gravity is greater than that of the pear ; so much so, that by taking a cube of each, of equa size, and throwing them into a vessel of water, that of thr apple will float, while that of the pear will sink. In it natural or wild state the appletree is of a small size, attaining generally about twenty feet in height, of a crooked habi of growth, with small, harsh, and austere fruit, and smal thin leaves. But when improved by cultivation, it lose: much of its original form, assumes a more free and luxu riant growth, with larger, thicker, and more downy leaves and produces fruit distinguished for its size, color, ant richness of flavor.

Some authors have ascribed the introduction of the appli into this country to the Romans, and others to the Nor mans; in both cases, however, without any evidence o well grounded authority. Mr. Loudon says, “ The appl was, in all probability, introduced into Britain by th Romans, as well as the pear; and like that fruit, perhaps re-introduced by the heads of religious houses on thei

THE APPLE, 53)

‘establishment, after the introduction of christianity.”* It is more probable that it has existed as an indigenous tree throughout all ages, and that the most ancient varieties were accidental variations of the original species, with which the forests abounded. These being cultivated, and subjected to the art and industry of man, would give rise to other varieties, and thus a gradual amelioration of the fruit would be obtained. The earliest records make mention of the apple in the most familiar terms. That it was known to the ancient Britons, before the arrival of the Romans is evident from their language. In Celtic, it is called Abhall, or Abhal; in Welch, Avall; in Armoric, Afall and Avall ; in Cornish, Aval and Avel. The word is derived from the pure Celtic, ball, signifying any round body.” The ancient Glastonbury was called by the Britons Ynys Avallac¢, and Ynys Avallon, which signify an apple orchard,° and from this its Roman name Avallonia was derived. The apple must therefore have been known in Britain before the arrival of the Romans; and that it continued to exist after they left the island, and before the Norman conquest, is certified by William of Malmesbury, who says, that King Edgar in 973, while hunting in a wood was left alone by his associates; in this situation he was overcome by an irresistable desire to sleep, and alighting from his horse he lay down under the shade of a wild apple tree.’ Shortly after the Norman conquest, the same author writes with reference to Gloucestershire. ‘“ Cernag tramites publicos vestitos pomiferis arboribus, non insitiva manus industria, sed ipsius solius humi natura.” Some writers* entertain the popular error that the cultivation of apples was not a branch of rural economy in England before Richard Harris planted orchards in several parts of Kent, in the reign of Henry the Eighth; but there is evidence to the contrary. In a bull of Pope Alexander the Third, in the year 1175, confirming the property belonging to the monastery of Winchcombe, in Gloucestershire, is men- tioned, “‘ The town of Twining with all the lands, orchards, meadows, &c. ;‘ and in a charter of King John, granting property to the priory of Lanthony, near Gloucester, is

4 Arb. Brit, vol. ii, p. 895. >» Armstrong’s Gaelic Dictionary. ¢ Owen’s Dictionary of the Welch Language. 4 Lib. ii. cap. 8. ¢ Duncumb’s History of Herefordshire, vol. 1, p. 187. f Rudder’s History of Gloucestershire, App. liii, No. xxxy,

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4 BRITISH POMOLOGY, ETC.

mentioned “ the church of Herdesley, with twelve acres of land, and an orchard.”* , But its cultivation was not confined to the southern counties, for we find there was an extensive manufacture of cider as far north as Richmond, in York- shire, in the early part of the thirteenth century. It would be too much to say that all the varieties cultivated at an early period, were indigenous to this country; many no doubt, were introduced at the Norman conquest, and it is probable that in the middle ages some varieties were intro- duced from the continent, by members of the different religious houses which then existed, who not unfrequently had personal intercourse with France, and who devoted considerable attention to horticulture; but there is every reason to believe that the earliest varieties were native - productions. The oldest works which treat on the cul-: tivation of fruits, afford little or no imformation as to these early varieties. In some ancient documents of the twelfth century, we find the Pearmain” and Costard men- tioned, but the horticultural works of the period are too much occupied with the fallacies and nonsense which distinguish those of the Roman agricultural writers, to convey to us any knowledge of the early pomology of this country. Turner in his Herbal, has no record of any of the varieties, and simply states, in reference to the apple, “I nede not to descrybe thys tre, because it is knowen well inoughe in all countres.” Barnaby Googe mentions as, “ Chiefe in price, the Pippin, the Romet, the Pomeroyall, the Marigold, with a great number of others that were too long to speake of.” Leonarde Mascal gives instruction how “to graffe the Quyne Apple;” but that is the only variety he mentions. In a note book in the possession of Sir John Trevelyan, of Nettlecombe, near Taunton, which was kept by one of his ancestors, from the- year 1580 to 1584, is an entry of “The names of Apelles, which I had their graffes - from Brentmarch, from one Mr. Pace—Item, the Appell out’: of Essex ; Lethercott, or Russet Apell ; Lounden Peppen ; Kew Goneling, or the Croke ; Glass Appell or Pearmeane ; Red Stear ; Nemes Appell, or Grenlinge ; Bellabone ; Ap- pell out of Dorsettsher; Domine quo Vadis.” In “ The Husbandman’s Fruitfull Orchard,” we have Pippins, Peare-

® Rudder’s History of Gloucestershire, App. xxvii, No. xix. >» Bl rg! History of Norfolk, vol. xi., p. 242. ; omefield’s

THE APPLE, 5

mains, John Apples, Winter Russetings, and Leather Coats. Gerard enumerates and figures “The Pome Water, the Baker's Ditch, the King of Apples, the Quining or Queene of Apples, the Sommer Pearemaine,’ and “the Winter Pearemaine ;” and he says, “ I have seene in the pastures and hedgerowes about the grounds of a worshippfull gentle- man, dwelling two miles from Hereford, called M. Roger Bednome, so many trees of all sortes, that the seruants drinke for the most part no other drinke, but that which is made of Apples. The quantitie is such, that by the report of the gentleman himselfe, the parson hath for tithe many hogs- heads of Syder.”

But it is to Parkinson we are indebted for the best '. account of the early English varieties, of which he enume- rates no less than fifty-nine, with “ tweenty sorts of sweet- ings, and none good ;” and from him may be dated the dawn of British Pomology. Hartlib mentions one who had 200 sorts of apples, and was of opinion that 500 sorts existed. Rea, in his Pomona, enumerates twenty varieties, sixteen of which are not mentioned by Parkinson ; and Meager, gives a list of eighty-three, which were cultivated in the Bromp- ton Park, and some other nurseries round London, of which fifty-one are not found in the lists of either Parkinson or Rea. Worlidge mentions ninety-two, which are chiefly cider fruits. The seventy-seven varieties of Ray are much the same as those enumerated by Worlidge. During the last century, the writings of Switzer, Langley, Hitt, Miller, and Abercrombie, added little to what have -already“been noticed, except that Switzer first mentions the Nonpareil; and it is to Forsyth that we are indebted for a more ex- tended knowledge of the different varieties, then known to exist in this country. With Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., the first President of the London Horticultural Society, a new era in the history of pomology commenced, and during his lifetime there was more attention devoted to this study, than had been since the days of Evelyn and De Quintinye. It was with this zealous horticulturist, that a practical application of the discovery of the sexes of plants, was first systematically carried into operation; and the success which attended his labors in hybridization, is evinced by the many valuable varieties of fruits which he

6 BRITISH POMOLOGY, E'fc.

was the means of producing. Through the exertions of

this gentleman, and his illustrious cotemporaries, Sabine,

Williams, and Braddick, the gardens of the Horticultural . Society, became a depository for all the varieties which

could be gathered together from all parts of Europe and. America, and the result has been, that in the last edition

of the Society’s Catalogue, Mr. Thompson has enume-

rated upwards of 1400 varieties of the apple alone, the

greater portion of which, however, are proved to be unworthy

of cultivation for any purpose whatever.

_ The apple is a very wholesome fruit. In its raw state

it is highly esteemed in the dessert, and when either- roasted, boiled, or in pies, it forms an excellent and nutri-

tious food. Dr. Johnson says he knew a clergyman, of - small income, who brought up a family very reputably,

which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings! Administered

to invalids it is cooling, refreshing, and laxative. It is well

known as furnishing an excellent sauce; and apple jelly

forms one of the finest preserves. Norfolk Beefings are that

variety of apple baked in ovens, after the bread is drawn, and

flattened to the form in which they are sold in the shops of

the confectioners and fruiterers. In Normandy and Ame-

rica, apples are to a considerable extent dried in the sun, in

which state they may be preserved for a long period and used

at pleasure, when they form an excellent dish stewed with

sugar, cloves, and other spices. Those dried in America are

cut into quarters, while those of Normandy are preserved

wholé. There is a drink with which our ancestors were wont

to regale themselves called Lambs-wool, or more properly

Lamasool, a word derived from La maes Abhal, which signi:

fies the day of apple fruit. This drink was composed of ale

and the pulp of roasted apples, with sugar and spice. It is

mentioned by Gerard, and in an old song, called “ The

King and the Miller,” we find it referred to .

» A cup of Lambs-wool they drank to him there.”

Besides these, and many other uses to which the apple is applied, its juice produces cider, which forms, in many parts of this country, in Normandy, and the United States, an in- dispensable beverage. The juice of the wild species, called

THE APPLE. v4

crab vinegar, or verjuice, when applied externally is good for strains, spasms, and cramps. __.

The chemical composition of the apple is, chlorophylle, sugar, gum, vegetable fibre, albumen, malic acid, tannin -and gallic acid, ime, and a great quantity of water.

The apple may be grown on almost any description of soul, provided it is not absolutely wet. That on which it succeeds best is a humid sandy loam, or a well-drained strong clay, which if it possesses a calcareous, or gravelly subsoil, will be still more advantageous. It is not requisite that it should be of so great depth as for pears, as the - apple, having no tap-root, does not penetrate so far into the soil. From eighteen inches to two feet will be found a good depth; but where the soil is good, and the subsoil sufficiently humid without being literally wet, even a foot to eighteen inches will answer every purpose.

CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES.

A great desideratum in pomological science is, a system of classifica tion for the apple, founded on characters which are at once permanent and well defined. The Germans have been most assiduous in endeavor- ing to attain this object, and many systems have been suggested, of which those of Manger, Sickler, Christ, and Diel, are most generally known. But it is to Diel that the greatest merit is due, for having produced a system, which, though far from perfect, is greatly in advance of any which had hitherto been produced; and which has been universally adopted by all the German pomologists. In 1847, my friend Dochnahl, an eminent and assiduous pomologist, published a system, based upon that of Diel, of which it is a modification, and which possesses such ad- vantages over its type, as to be more easily reduced to practise. 2

As the systems of Diel and Dochnahl, are certainly the best which have yet appeared, I have introduced them here, for the benefit of those who may want a groundwork on which to form an arrangement.

BRITISH POMOLOGY, ETC: DIEL’S CLASSIFICATION.

CLASS I. RIBBED APPLES.

i. They are furnished with very prominent, but regular ribs round