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QL. a 2 CATALOGUE

287 aol “Tne (er OF THE

BRITISH NON-PARASITICAL WORMS

IN THE

COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D. Epin.,

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH ; AND LL.D. MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN, ETC.

Ge wa > . ge - A> A801 2.6 3° BD C MAR 22 1884 LONDON: ; ‘ <*

v Vy,

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PRINTED BY

1865. MAR 22 {853 LIBRARIES 2

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, » RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

Tae publication of this Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms has been delayed, owing to the lamented death of the author, Dr. Jouyston, while it was still in the Press. A Supplement, pre- pared by Dr. Baird, containing addenda, corrigenda, and a notice of additional species found since Dr. Johnston’s death, with a complete

index, have been added, to render the work more complete.

J. E. GRAY, Sth February, 1865,

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A CATALOGUE

OF THE

BRITISH NON-PARASITICAL WORMS.

Tue Helmintha or Worms are invertebrate soft animals, symmetri- cally bilateral, or with the viscera arranged on the sides of a lon- gitudinal axis. They are never organically attached to foreign bodies or their own cases, and are capable of progression to a more or less extent. They move forwards, some by a continuous gliding, some by a succession of trails, some by undulations in the water, and others by means of soft appendages and bristles placed along the sides. Diesing’s definition of the class is as follows :—‘‘ Animalia evertebrata, inarticulata (7.e. extremitatibus articulatis nullis pre- dita), nune mollia aut elastica, ebranchiata, setis retractilibus nullis (Acheethelmintha) ; nune mollia, ebranchiata v. branchiis externis munita, setis retractilibus instructa (Chzethelmintha).”

There are two kinds of Worms,—one which are found within the viscera of living animals, and which cannot maintain their existence in any other situation; and another which lead an exterior life, either entirely independent, or as the external parasites of some aquatic animals. These, however, the parasites can forsake at will, without incurring the penalty of death. It is the second kind of Worms to which this Catalogue is restricted ; and they may be con- veniently included in the following Orders :—

A. Apropous: the body without bristles on the sides. = Apoda, Macleay. = Achethelmintha, Diesing.

* Body exannular. I, Order. TURBELLARIA. The extremities of the body simple

and continuous with it: no distinct head. B

4 TURBELLARIA.

+t Eyes two. 6. Dalyellia. Mouth terminal. 7. Derostoma. Mouth ventral, anterior.

(oe)

. Mesostoma. Mouth ventral, subcentral.

Suborder I]. TeretuLaria.

The body cavernous, linear-elongate, subcylindrical or compressed, very contractile, sometimes breaking spontaneously into pieces, the surface even and smooth, or rarely wrinkled: head more or less distinct, the mouth a simple terminal or subterminal pore, with a very long included proboscis: intestine undivided, laid in the visceral cavity, with the vent situated well forwards, or posterior and ter- minal? There is a larger aperture below the head which leads to the common cavity.

* Acephalous: the anterior end plain. 12. Astemma. Eyeless. 13. Cephalotrix. Eyes two, parallel. 14. Tetrastemma. Eyes four, in a square.

** Acephalous, with a furrow on each side of the front. 20. Serpentaria. Body flat, elongate, uniformly coloured, fragile. 19. Meckelia. Body linear-elongate, fragile, with paler annulations.

Cephalous, the head indistinct, multocular, and mostly with a shallow furrow on each side.

15. Borlasia. Eyes in a submarginal series: cesophagus simple.

16. Omatoplea. Eyes clustered, irregular: the cesophagus with horny stylettes.

17. Stylus. Anal extremity armed with a long style.

**** Onhiocephalous, with lateral furrows. 18. Lineus.

I. TURBELLARIA. I, PLANARIEA.

SANGSUES-LIMACES, Reaumur, Hist. Insect, vi. pref. lviii.

Puanartia, Lam. An.s. Vert.ii.176. Schweig. Handb. 593. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ti. 96 & 125.

PLANARIAD&, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 604.

PLANARL&, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 577 ; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 227.

PLANARIN&, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436.

ANEvorRMI (—), E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. vii. 105, 106 (1847); and viii. 119, 141 (1847).

APOROCEPHAL&, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 143 (1847).

PLANARIEA, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 41. Diesing (x), Syst. Helm. i.184. Ray Soc. Rep. Zool. 1847, 516.

Aprocta, Schultze, Naturg. Turbell. 3.

Fam. I. PLANOCERIDZ.

CryptToca La, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 44. f.2. p. 12. Rep. Ray Soc. Zool. 1847, 517.

Obs. The body is thin, flat, and laterally expanded, with a plain margin. The eyes, when present, are clustered. The oral aperture is usually closed and becomes almost indistinguishable, but the posi- tion of it, and of the proboscis, is marked by an oblong spot near the middle of the ventral surface. This is always paler than the dorsal, which is commonly beautifully coloured. The motion is slow. The food is soft, either the juices of avertebrate animals or the paren- chyma of decaying algze. All are marine, and propagate, probably, by naked ciliated ova, undergoing no metamorphosis. In decay, the body is diffuent ; and decomposition has far advanced before life is extinguished.

1. LEPTOPLANA, Hhrenberg, 1831 *.

Leptoplana, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 48. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 194. Prosthiostomum, Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 133 (1845). Polycelis, Quatrefages in ibid. 132.

Char. Body flat, entire, with a smooth dorsum: mouth subcen- tral: eyes in two or four clusters: genital pore behind the mouth.

* When, as in this example, the name of the founder of the genus immediately follows the generic name, the date of the latter rests on the authority of Ayassiz’s

Nomenclator Zoologicus. In these instances, | have not had an opportunity of consulting the original authority.

6 PLANOCERID.

* Eyes in two clusters.

1. L. subauriculata, body lanceolate, very thm, obtuse in ‘front, of a yellowish-brown colour ; eyes numerous, in two clusters, with a clear circular spot to each cluster, and a clear intervening space. Length 6'"; breadth 2".

Planaria subauriculata, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 16. f. 2.

Leptoplana subauriculata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 195. Planaria corniculata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 1. 101. pl. 14. f. 5.

Hab. The shore between tide-marks.

2. L. tremellaris, body ovate, sinuous on the margin, yellowish, unspotted ; posterior eye-clusters on a pale spot, irregular, with a line from each running parallel forwards to a minute ocular spot. Length 8-11'"; breadth 3-5'".

Fasciola tremellaris, Mull. Verm. i. 1. 72.

Planaria tremellaris, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 223; Zool. Dan. 1. 36. t. 32. f. 1,2; copied by Blainv. Dict. des Sc.nat., Vers, Atlas, f. 14. Turt. Gmel. iv.67. Bosc, Vers,i.309. Lam- An. s. Vert. ni. 180; 2de edit. ii. 608. Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 144. pl. 4. f. 14. Grube, Actin. 52. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 247.

Leptoplana tremellaris, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 49. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 198;

Hab. In pools among the rocks between tide-marks, under stones.

(a) Rothesay, Miss Macdonell.

** Eyes in four clusters.

3. L. flexilis, body very thin, ovato-lanceolate, widest and semi- circular in front, of a dull whitish or pale ash colour ; eye-clusters defined by a clear space. Length 7!; breadth 3.

Planaria flexilis, Dalyell, Planar. 5. pl. 1. f. 1,2. Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix.17. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. li. 354. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 102. pl. 14. f. 17-26.

Polycelis fallax, Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 135. pl. 3. f. 10. (1845).

Leptoplana flexilis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 194,

Hab. Between tide-marks, generally half-buried in mud: grega-

rious.

4. L. atomata, ovate, obtuse, only a little narrower behind, speckled brown ; eyes of the anterior clusters more scattered than of the pos- terior, not seated on a lighter ground. Length 6"; breadth 3!".

Planaria punctata, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 2706.

Planaria atomata, Mill. Zool. Dan. i. 37. tab. 32. £. 3,4. Turt. Gmel. iv.65. Bose, Vers,i.305. Fleming in Edin. Phil. Journ. vin. 297.

LEPTOPLANA.—EURYLEPTA, 7

Leptoplana atomata, Oerst. Entw. Plattw. 49. f. 24 (the stylette). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 197. Soe maculata (atomata?), Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 104, pl. 14. 27-32.

Hab. Shores of Scotland, under stones between tide-marks.

5. L. ellipsis, oval, with an even margin, reddish, plain or speckled, with a dark mesial line; eye-clusters irregular. Length 5!"; breadth 3!"',

Planaria ellipsis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 101. pl. 14. f. 9-16. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell.

2. EURYLEPTA, Lhrenberg, 183).

Eurylepta, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 50. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 208. Proceros, Quatrefages in Ann, des Se. nat. iv. 137 (1845). Char. Body flat and broad, the front with two tentacula con- tinuous with the body: eyes many, clustered on the neck: mouth ventral, anterior.

1. E. cornuta, oblong, with a wavy margin, yellowish on the dorsal surface, paler underneath, and spotted with white ; tentacula elon- gate and filiform. Length 5-6; breadth 2,

Planaria cornuta, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 2681; Zool. Dan. i. 37.

tab. 32. f. 5-7. Turt. Gmel. iv. 65. Bose, Vers, i. 305. Eurylepta cornuta, Oerst. Platiw. 50. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 208.

Hab. The coralline region, rare.

2. E. Dalyellii, oval, with an even margin, from cream-yellow to ruddy orange, veined dendritically, or uniform ; tentacula submar- ginal, short, triangulate ; eyes numerous, clustered at the base of the tentacula. Length 5-15'"; breadth 2-4!"

Planaria cornuta, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 97. pl. 14. f. 1-4, and pl. 15 (embryo). Hab. The coralline region. It lurks in the crevices of empty shells ;

or, usually, hes buried in mud. Apparently not rare on the coast of Scotland, Dalyell. Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

3. E. sanguinolenta, ovate or oval, reddish-brown, veimed, with a darker mesial line; tentacula marginal, short, triangular, acute ; eyes numerous, in two clusters, coalescent in front. Length 8-10!" ; breadth 5-6'"'.

Planaria cornuta, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 344. f. 79.

W. Thompson in Ann, Nat. Hist. xv. 320, and xviii. 392. Oersted, Entw. Platiw. 55.

8 PLANARIADZ.

Proceros sanguinolentus, Quatrefages in Ann. des Se. nat. iv. 138.pl. 4. f. 4 (1845).

Eurylepta sanguinolenta, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 209. Hab. The coralline region.

4. KE. vittata, ovate, dilated in front, rounded behind, sinuous on the margin, yellowish, with ten or twelve parallel concentric dark lines, the centre white with a median black line; tentacula ear- like, triangulate, speckled with black dots. Length 2"; breadth 1".

Planaria vittata, Montagu in Linn. Trans. xi. 25. pl. 5. f. 3. Lam. An. s. Vert. ii. 180; 2de edit. iii. 608. W. Thompson in Ann. &

Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 247, and xviii. 392. Harvey, Sea-Book, 157. fi

g.

Proceros cristatus, Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 139. pl. 3. f. 7. (1845).

Eurylepta vittata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 209.

Eurylepta cristata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 210.

Hab. The coralline region. (a) Falmouth, J. Cranch.

3. PLANOCERA.

Planocera, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 578 (1828). Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 47. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 217. Stylochus, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 215.

Char. Body flat, with a smooth dorsal surface and an entire mar- gin: a pair of contractile tentacula on the back in front, with or without eyes at their base: mouth with a short proboscis lobed or crenate at the orifice.

1. Pl. folium, broadly ovate, yellowish-brown, veined and reticulate, with a linear-oblong pinnated mesial spot ; tentacula short, obtuse, with a small cluster of eyes near the base. Length 17!; breadth 1)",

Stylochus folium, Grube, Actin. 51. f. 12 (1840). Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 216. Planocera folium, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 48.

Hab. The coralline region. Berwick Bay.

Obs. I have seen a single specimen of which a figure was made just when diffluence had begun; but the process had proceeded too far

before leisure was afforded of making a description. The specimen agreed very well with Grube’s figure.

Fam. II. PLANARIADZ.

DenpDROcCa@LA, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 50. Ray Soc. Zool. Rep. 1847, 518.

Obs. The body is oblong, flattish, with an entire margin. The

POLYCELIS. 9

circular mouth is on the ventral surface near its centre; and the proboscis is often extruded when hunger presses, and food is prof- fered. The eyes are separate, either in a linear series or in pairs. The motion is quick and continuous. The food is derived from other soft animals or from the parenchyma of plants. They have great powers of repairmg wounds, and of reproducing amputated parts. They are not subject to diffluence in dying. They multiply both by self-division and by ova, which are included within a coloured capsule previous to their exclusion, and for some time afterwards. They pass through no metamorphosis. Lacustrine and marine.

4. POLYCELIS, Lhrenberg, 1831.

Polycelis, Diesing, Syst. Helm.i.191. E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. vill. 271 (1847).

Char. Body flattish, oblong, even and smooth, with a linear series of eyes around the anterior margin which is truncate: oral proboscis long and cylindrical, with a plain orifice. Lacustrine.

1. P. nigra, of a uniform velvet-black colour, the front sinuated

with two marginal and a central projection. Length 5!; breadth 13",

Res aquatiques noires, Trembley, Mem. Polyp. 127. pl. 7. f. 9 (1744).

Fasciola nigra, Mull. Verm. i. ui. 54.

Planaria nigra, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 221; Zool. Dan. iu. 48. tab. 109. f. 3, 4. Turt. Gmel. iv. 61. Turt. Brit. Faun. 128. Bosc, Vers, 1.297. Dalyell on Planaria, 23. f. 3-5, and 15. John- son in Phil. Trans. 1825, 254. pl. 16. f. 9-11. Lam. An. s. Vert. i. 178; 2de edit. 11.606. Duges in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 143. pl. 4. f. 10,15. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 389. Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 54. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 122. pl. 15. f. 18, 19 (the ova).

Hirudo nigra, Kirby in Linn. Trans. ii. 317.

Planaria fusca, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 68 (1812).

Polycelis nigra, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i, 191.

Hab. Lakes, ditches and rivulets, in pure water, everywhere. It

attains a greater size in stagnant than in running water. (a) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston.

2. P. brunnea, dusky brown, with a dark mesial line; obtusely tri- angulate in front. Length 4-5'"; breadth 141".

Fasciola brunnea, Mill. Verm. i. ii. 54.

Planaria brunnea, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 221. Turt. Gmel. iv. 61. Bose, Vers, i. 298. Johnson in Phil. Trans, 1822, 438. pl. 49. f.3 & 12. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xii. 706. tab. 33. f. 7.

Planaria paniculata, Dalyell, Planar. 37. f. 6, 7.

Polycelis nigra, var. brunnea, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 192.

Hab. Ponds.

10 PLANARIADE.

3. P. felina, linear-oblong, minutely tricuspidate in front, of a uni- form dark brown, paler underneath. Length 8!"; breadth 13!"

Planaria felina, Dalyell on Planarie, 42. f. 8 (1814).

Planaria cornuta, Johnson in Phil. Trans. 1822, 437. pl. 49. f. 1, 7, 9, 10, 15 & 16; and lb. ibid. 1825, 249 & 251. pl. 16. f. 1, 2, 4-8.

Planaria viganensis, Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xxi. 84, 91. pl. 2. f. 23 (1830).

Polycelis nigra, var. viganensis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 192.

Hab. Stagnant waters in which aquatic vegetables abound: rarely in springs.

Oés. Longer in proportion to its length than the preceding, and more decidedly auricled in front: in shape it is rather elliptical than oblong, tapering backwards from about the middle ; whereas in nigra and drunnea, the sides, a little sinuated behind the head, continue parallel until near the tail, which is narrowed and obtuse.

5. PLANARIA.

Planaria, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. xxviii. (1776). Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 578. Oecersted, Entw. Plattw. 52. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 202.

Char. Body narrow-oblong, flattish, the front truncate, more or less auricled on each side, the tail rounded: eyes two, placed on the anterior part of the back, parallel.

* Freshwater. 1. P. lactea, white, roseate or brownish, with a milk-white mesial spot. Length 6-9'; breadth 13-2!".

Fasciola lactea, Mill. Verm. i. 11. 61.

Planaria lactea, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2687; Zool. Dan. iu. 47. tab. 109. f. 1,2. Turt. Gmel. iv. 64. Stew. Elem. 11. 355. Bose, Vers, i. 303. Rees’ Cyclop. xxvii. verb. Planaria. Blainv. Dict. des Se. nat. lvii. 578. Lam. An. s. Vert. mu. 179; 2de edit. iii. 607. Johnson in Phil. Trans. 1822, 438. pl. 49. f. 4,5, 11,15 & 17. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 705. tab. 33. f.1, 2, 8-11 (1826). Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 144. pl. 4. f. 12; Edin. Journ. Nat. and Geogr. Se. iii. 242 & 243. W. Thompson in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvill. 3888. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 1. 107. pl. 16. f. 5-9, and pl. 15. f. 4-6. Dies. Syst. Helm, 1. 203.

Hirudo alba, Kirby in Linn. Trans. ii. 316.

Planaria alba, Turt. Brit. Faun. 129.

Dendroccelum lacteum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 52.

Hab. In cold springs and lakes, not common: gregarious.

Obs. The front is truncate and even, scarcely auricled. There are occasionally four eyes, when the anterior pair is very 1inute. Readily distinguished by its white colour. Dark individuals owe their taint to the substance they have been recently feeding upon ; and resume their natural fairness after a short abstinence.

PLANARIA. ll

2. P. torva, cinereous or black on the dorsal, greyish on the ventral surface ; the front obtuse, rounded on the angles and projecting in the centre; eyes each with a white halo. Length 6"; breadth 13-2",

Fasciola torva, Miill. Verm. i. ii. 62 (1773).

Planaria torva, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2688; Zool. Dan. iii. 48. tab. 109. f. 5,6. Turt. Gmel. iv.64. Bose, Vers, i. 303. pl. 8. f.9. Lam. An. s. Vert. 11. 179 ; 2de edit. 11.607. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. Atlas Entomoz. pl. f. 11 (where it is given as a magnified figure of Polycelis nigra). Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xin. 705. tab. 33. f. 4-6 & 12-17. W. Thompson in Ann, § Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 389 ; zbid. ser. 2. vil. 502. Oecersted, Entw. Plattw. 54. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 205. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. Hirud. 200.

Thrudo alpina, Dana in Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. Hirud. 17 & 200, note 3.

Planaria fusca, Rees’ Cyclop. xxvu. art. Planaria. Stew. Elem. ii. 355. Templeton in Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 239. Byerley, Faun. Liverp. 99.

Planaria subtentaculata, Dugés in Ann. des Se. Nat. xv. 144. pl. 4. f. 13, 22-24,

Hab. In lakes and runiets, more especially in those descending from elevated grounds, I believe rare.

Obs. I can find no proof that P/. fusca of Pallas or of Dugés (for it is not certain that they are synonymous) is indigenous. Those authors who have introduced it mto their lists have not critically examined the genus. ‘The same remark may be made of Planaria stagnalis, Mill. Templeton has introduced it into his Irish list (Loud. Mag. N. Hist. ix. 239); but he gives no description, nor mentions any locality.

3. P. arethusa, truncate and auriculate in front, leaden or slate-grey, paler underneath ; a black eye on a white spot on each side of the medial line in front. Length 6'"; breadth 1'".

Planaria arethusa, Dalyell, Planar. 85. f. 11-14. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vu. 502. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ui. BEL pli. f. 10-19:

Planaria torva, Johnson in Phil. Trans. 1822, pl. 49. f. 2, 8, 14, and ibid. 1825, 251.

Hab. In pure springs and rivulets: common. (a) Dods’-well, Berwick, Dr. Johnston.

4, P, edinensis, linear-oblong, rather narrowish forwards, pale car- nation; head obtuse, rose-colour; eyes nearly marginal in the rose-coloured part. Length 3; breadth 1!”.

Planaria edinensis, Dalyell, Planar. 133. f. 18 (1814). Dies. Syst.

Helm. i. 282. Dalyellia edinensis, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438.

Hab. In pure springs: rare.

12 PLANARIADE.

** Marine.

5. P. ulve, of an olive mottled colour, with a pale abbreviated mesial line ; front truncate, distinctly auricled ; the tail truncate or more commonly emarginate. Length 5!; breadth 13/".

Ane ulvee, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 53. f.5. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. oUo.

Hab. At the roots of the Laminariz between tide-marks. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

6. P. affinis, linear-oblong, rounded and slightly enlarged at the front, of a wood-brown colour, with an oblong white line on the posterior half; eyes a little behind the front, each in the centre of a white spot on the sides of the mesial line. Length 3!; breadth 2".

Planaria affinis, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 54 (1844). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 206. Planaria hebes, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. i. 107. pl. 16. f. 3, 4.

Hab. Amongst algze between tide-marks.

7. P.? alba, linear-oblong, obtuse at both extremities, the anterior narrowest ; pure white; eyes black, placed backwards and wide apart. Length 3!; breadth 3!". Planaria alba, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. pl. 16. f. 21, 22. Hab. Shores of Scotland, Dalyell.

Obs. Dalyell remarks that the intestinal canal is not pinnate.

8. P.? variegata, linear-oblong, a little bulged in the idle trun- cate in front, acuminated behind, fasciated across the back with black and yellow belts ; eyes two, black, considerably apart. Length 13!" breadth 3!".

Planaria variegata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 115. pl. 16. f. 20.

Hab. Coast of Scotland, very rare, Dalyell.

Obs. This may prove to be a species of the molluscous genus

Limapontia. ‘This is a beautiful animal, plump and heavy, the

belly flattened. In crawling up the side of a vessel, it is liable to

drop to the bottom, but its descent seems to be retarded by an invi- sible thread.’ — Dalyell.

The following are doubtful members of this family :— Planaria gracilis, body rather linear, acute behind, flattened, white ; eyes two, black, placed forwards. Length 1". Planaria gracilis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. u. 116. pl. 16. f. 23. Hab. Lochend, Dalyell.

DALYELLID. 13

Obs. The mouth is apparently below, under the eyes. The motion is swift; and the creature can swim in the water.

Planaria falcata, body flattened, thick and fleshy, linear-elongate, rounded and equal at both ends; eyes two, lateral, red. Length 1-2".

Planaria falcata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 117. pl. 16. f. 26-29.

Hab. Lochend in autumn, Dalyell.

Obs. ‘Two red crescents apart on the extremity of the head, in a circular position, but under considerable magnifiers, appearing red streaks, sometimes consisting of one or two confluent pair indistinctly seen. The mouth seems in front; and the intestine a longitudinal series of cavities, with some enlargement in their course. Crawls on the belly, or swims swiftly through the water.’’— Dalyell.

Fam. IT. DALYELLIDZ.

Ruaspoca.a, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 59. Ray Soc. Zool. Rep. 1847, 518. Schultze, Naturg. Turbeil. 5. GyRATRICINEA, Diesing, Syst. Helm. 1. 218.

Obs. An artificial group, but associated by a general resemblance in form, and by similarity in habits. They are small animals, of a parenchymatous consistency, in which it is often difficult to trace any distinctly defined viscera, or their openings on the surface. The body is acephalous, and more or less contractile, with an entire margin. They are either marine or lacustrine; and the latter, in general, lay their eggs enclosed in a cocoon or capsule. Of the mode in which the marine genera are propagated, nothing appears to be known.

6. DALYELLIA.

Dalyellia, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 605 (1822). Prostoma, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 62.

Char. Body somewhat compressed vertically, elliptical ; the mouth terminal; eyes two, parallel, posterior to the mouth and dorsal. Ova capsulated. Lacustrine.

1. D. helluo, narrowed at both ends, most so posteriorly, of a uni- form grass-green colour with a transparent margin; eyes black. Length 1-13!".

Fasciola helluo, Mill. Verm. i. ii. 64.

Planaria helluo, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2692; Zool. Dan. iii. 39. tab. 105. f. 3. Turt. Gmel. iv. 65. Bosc, Vers, i. 304.

Hirudo viridis, Shaw in Linn. Trans. i. 94. pl. 7. Johnson on Medic. Leech, 19. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 268.

Planaria viridis, Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Stew. Elem. ii. 355.

Planaria graminea, Dalyell, Planar. 42. f.8; Pow. Creat. ii. 119.

Dalyellia graminea, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 605. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438.

14 DALYELLIDA.

Distigma? helluo, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 188. Vortex viridis?, Schultze, Naturg. Turbell. 47.

Hab. Stagnant water.

Obs. The cocoon is brown and oval, apparent near the posterior end: it contains from four to twelve ova.

2. D. exigua, ovate-oblong, broadest behind, reddish ; eyes black. Length 1", Planaria exigua, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 116. pl. 15. f. 13, 14. Hab. Ponds. Obs. When in motion, the form is that of a double cone.

7. DEROSTOMA. Derostoma (—), Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xxi. 76 (1830). = Oerst. Entw. Plattw. 66 (1844). Char. Body linear-oblong, rounded at both ends, with two eyes or none: mouth pitcher-shaped, concealed, opening by a longitudinal fissure on the venter.

1. D. unipunctatum, plump, narrowed towards the anterior extre- mity, and obtuse behind, dingy yellow; eyes two, yellow. Length 3! breadth 1!".

Derostoma unipunctatum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 66. tab. 2. f. 25.

Turbella unipunctata, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 225.

Planaria fodinee—the Quarry Planaria, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 110. pl. 15. f. 7-12.

Hab. Ponds with a muddy bottom.

Obs. The specific name is derived from the spot formed by the brown or yellow cocoon in a position behind the mouth.

2.D.? vorax, body round, obtuse in front, tapered backwards to a point, greenish ; eyes none. Length 13!"; breadth 3!". Planaria vorax, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 119. pl. 16. f. 33, 34. Hab. Freshwater marshes.

Obs. When gorged with food resembles an inflated vesicle, tapered downwards. The food is seen to fill a capacious ovoidal stomach. There are, in the pregnant mother, from one to five brown cocoons lodged towards the posterior part.

8. MESOSTOMA*.

Mesostoma, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 67. Mesostomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 219. Schultze, Naturg. der Turbell. 52. Schmidt, Neue Rhabdocel. 9.

* Dugés is the author of the name, and the genus was probably founded in 1830, not earlier than 1828. Agassiz has not mentioned it, but he has Myozo- stoma of much later creation.

OPISTOMUM.—TYPHLOPLANA. 15

Char. Body flattened; the mouth ventral, subcentral, encircled with a broad annular sphincter: eyes two, approximate, on the dor- sum behind the apex and anterior to the mouth. Lacustrine. The ova capsulated.

1. M. rostratum, elongate, elliptical, acuminate, and alike at both ends, whitish and pellucid or tainted a yellowish-red ; eyes reddish,

approximate ; mouth central; egg-capsules dark brown. Length 3!; breadth 1",

Fasciola rostrata, Mill. Verm. 1. i. 65.

Planaria rostrata, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 222; Zool. Dan. ui. 40. tab. 105. f. 6. Turt. Gmel. iv. 65.

Planaria velox, Dalyell, Planar. 127. f. 17.

Derostoma rostratum, Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xxi. 79. pl. 2. f. 16.

Dalyellia velox, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438.

Mesostoma rostratum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 69. pl. 2. f. 26, 37.

Mesostomum rostratum, Dies, Syst. Helm. i. 219.

Hab. Ponds. 9. OPISTOMUM, Schmidt.

Opistomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 233, Schultze, Naturg. der Turbell. 40. Char. Body flattish, with an anterior subterminal mouth; the cesophagus pitcher-shaped, not protrusile: eyes none. Lacustrine.

1. Op. serpentina, tongue-shaped, dilated and rounded in front, lan- ceolate behind, white or grey. Length 2!".

Planaria serpentina, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 122. pl. 15. f. 20, 21. Hab. Pools of fresh water.

Desc. “‘ Length between one and two lines; body flattened ; head obtuse, enlarging towards each side, and somewhat depressed in the centre of the front, where there seems a circular orifice, probably the mouth. The interranea, occupymg much of the body, of a dark colour, and resembling curving or circular sacs. Colour of the animal white, or grey under the microscope. Motion smooth and gliding as that of other Planariz. No eyes visible.”’—Dalyell.

10. TYPHLOPLANA, Fhrenberg, 1831. Typhloplana, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 71. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 231. Char. Body linear-oblong, planaroid, the oral aperture ventral,

near the middle or posterior to the middle of the body : eyes none.

1. T. foeecunda, nearly linear or a little swollen at the middle with obtusely rounded extremities, white. Length 1!"

16 DALYELLID.

a>

Planaria stagni, Dalyell, Bean Creat. ii. 118. pl. 16. f. 30. Planaria foecunda, Dalyell, ibid. pl. 16. f. 31.

Hab. Ponds in autumn.

Obs. The very slight difference on which Dalyell has founded the distinction of his species, depends, undoubtedly, on the more or less developed state of the ova. There are twelve or fourteen of these in some individuals, which occupy nearly the whole body. Fe

2. T. prasina, obtuse in front, tapering to a point behind, grass- green. Length 3!". Planaria prasina, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 121. pl. 15. f. 15. Hab. Ponds in autumn: gregarious. Desc. “Length of the largest about half a line; thickness about the fifth of the length. Body roundish; head obtuse ; tail tapering

to a point. Colour beautifully grass-green. Motion active.’””—‘ One or two brown ova seemed to be in one or two specimens.”’— Dalyell.

3. T.? flustre, body convex above, flattened below, linear-elongate, rounded and equal at both ends, white, with a dark spot on the neck. Length 2!’; breadth 3".

Planaria flustree, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 118. pl. 16. f. 32.

Hab. ‘“ Dwells on the Flustra hispida, where it is not rare in July

and August.’’—Dalyell.

Obs. “Motion very swift. Apparently sustained by an invisible thread when falling through the water.’’— Dalyell.

11. CONVOLUTA.

Convoluta, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 75 (1844). Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 218. Schmidt, Neue Rhabdocel. 5.

Char. Body flat, obtuse in front and narrowed backwards, with the margin longitudinally involute : mouth minute, ventral, anterior : eyes none. Marine.

1. C, paradoxa.

Planaria conyoluta, Abildgaard in Mill. Zool. Dan. iv. 26. tab. 142. f. 4-6.

Convyoluta paradoxa, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 75. f. 33, 35, 36. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 218. Schmidt, Neue Rhabdocel. 5. pl. 1. f. 1.

Planaria macrocephala, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, xvi. 437. pl. 15. f. 2a, 6.

Convoluta Johnstoni, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 219.

Planaria haustrum, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 106. pl. 14. f. 36, 37.

Hab. Amongst confervze between tide-marks.

Desc. Body 2", brown, oblong, truncate in front and paler coloured, narrowed posteriorly. The anterior extremity, in some positions, is marked with a pale subcireular spot (the mouth), while, in others,

PLANARIA. 17

a light-coloured line runs down the centre, and the margins are folded so as to form almost a tube. There are two ventral pores, of which the anterior is oral, and the posterior genital. Very active.

The following are doubtful species of this family :—

Planaria cuneus, wedge-shaped, the front widest and_ truncate, greyish-brown. Length 1!’,

Planaria cuneus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ti. 121. pl. 15. f. 16, 17. Hab. Blackhall Pond, Dalyell.

Desc. ‘‘ Head obtuse, the corners rounded as it advances, and the portion between them depressed. Body thick, flattened ; tail acute. Colour greyish-brown. No eyes visible.”’"—Dalyell. In the figure, however, a single eye in front, midway between its angles, is distinctly shown. The species is very like the Planaria truncata of Miiller, which has four eyes. Oersted considers the latter to be synonymous with his Vortex littoralis, which he describes and figures with two eyes (Entw. Plattw. 64). See also Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 229.

Planoides fusca. Planoides fusca, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 123. pl. 16. f. 35, 36. Hab. The sea-shore.

Desc, “Length a line and a half; breadth and thickness nearly half the length. Body compact, solid; the anterior extremity divided horizontally into two lips, wherein is perhaps the mouth. This extremity is fashioned somewhat as a scoop by the fold of a membranaceous edge, apparently reflected on the back. A dark red internal organ is situate towards the centre of the body. Neither eyes nor marginal specks have been discovered, nor any prominent parts of external organization. Colour brownish, speckled. Motion smooth and gliding.”’— Dalyell.

Planaria hirudo, body linear, lengthened, brown, marked in front with a black point and line ; two pale spots above the circular tail. Length 4!".

Planaria hirudo, Johnston in Ann. 8 Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 437. pl. 15. f. 3. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 473.

Hab. The littoral region amongst conferve.

Desc. The body is of a uniform light brown colour excepting the two pale spots near the tail, and, when fully stretched, is of a narrow linear figure, slightly tapered in front. There is a small black dot about half a line behind the anterior end, and a dark line runs from it forward to the tip. These are not formed by an eye, or a cluster of eyes, but the line seems rather to be produced by some internal tube, and the dot by some harder, perhaps horny, substance. Very active. Motion continuous.—Seems to be nearly related to the Pla-

c

18 TERETULARIA.

naria longiceps of Dugts (Ann. des Se. Nat. xxi. 83 (1830), pl. 2. f. 21; Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 207).

“Prostoma? armatum?, translucent and gelatinous, with the cephalic points orange, and scattered irregularly.

Prostoma armatum, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236. f. 29a. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436. Hab. “Found among Conferva spiralis from a drain in the bog meadows,” near Belfast.—Templeton.

Obs. The anterior end is rounded and almost orbicular ; the pos- terior oblong and obtuse. The eyes extend a good way down the body, which appears to be about 2 inches long; but it is probably represented considerably magnified. The species has no resemblance to the Prostoma armatum of Dugés; but it seems to be a member of the genus as now restricted.

Cercaria. Cercaria, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 266. pl. 36. f. 9. Hab. Fresh water.

Desc. “This is a minute animalculum, somewhat resembling a Planaria, with an annulated tapering tail. The mouth is an orifice in the centre of the anterior extremity. The body is of mutable form, the tail very extensile, when the rings are almost obliterated. Colonies of these animals, like white specks, dwell in fresh water.” — Dalyell.

Il, TERETULARIA.

TERETULARIA, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. lv. 573 (1828).

Nemerta, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 33 (1844).

CrsToipINa, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 76 (1844). Ray Soe. Rep. Zool. 1847, 514.

NeMERTINA, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 80.

Lintn@, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434 (1846).

NeMERTEA, De Quatrefages, Voy. en Sicile, ii. 95.

NeMERTINES, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 123 (1847).

NEMERTINID&, T. Williams in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 238; and in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. xii. 342 (1853).

NEMERTINEA, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 238.

RuyncHoca sa, S. Schultze, Beitr. Turhell. 3.

Obs. In the present state of our knowledge of this suborder it cannot be advantageously divided into families. ‘The structure of many species has been demonstrated, but anatomists differ widely as to the function of the organs described ; and hence I have avoided their nomenclature, lest error should be thus continued. It may be considered as proved that the mouth is terminal; and, in many

ASTEMMA.—CEPHALOTRIX. 19

species, it is the orifice through which a very long proboscis can be evolved. The intestine runs undivided through the length of the body ; and, it seems probable, that, in all, there is an anus. This has been demonstrated in a few species. It is found in some open- ing well forwards on the ventral surface, and in the posterior extremity in others. There is another, and much larger, aperture in front, behind and underneath the head. Long mistaken for the mouth, this has been usually described of late as genital, but the office is doubtful. In a few genera there are fissures on the sides of the anterior end, which are neither respiratory nor ovarian, as has been supposed.—All are marine, and are readily distinguished, in their order, by their length, which exceeds the breadth considerably, and, in many instances, “ far o’ersteps the modesty of nature.’ The ova are laid enveloped in a jelly.

12. ASTEMMA.

Astemma, Oersted, Entw. Platiw. 82. Char. Acephalous, the body filiform, without eyes or fissures on the sides of the anterior extremity: mouth inferior, approximated to the front : anus terminal ?

1. A. rufifrons, yellowish, verging on rose-red anteriorly ; the front obtuse, dark red. Length 2-3"; breadth 1".

Borlasia (Nemertes) rufifrons, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i, 538. pl. 18. f.4, 5. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 241.

Astemma rufifrons, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 82. f. 13.

Gordius gracilis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. u. 74. pl. 9. f. 8-11.

Hab. Under stones, and amidst algze, between tide-marks. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

2. A. filiformis, white or cream-yellow, thickened in front. Length 2

Planaria filiformis, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56. Borlasia? filiformis, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434. pl. 15. f. la,b. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 242.

Hab. Under stones, in muddy places, between tide-marks.

13. CEPHALOTRIX. Cephalotrix, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 81. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 246. Char. Acephalous, the body filiform or flattish: mouth anterior, ventral: no lateral fissures: eyes two, placed in front on a parallel line.

1. C, lineatus, filiform, narrower at each end, dark-grey, ruddy in c 2

20 TERETULARIA.

front ; eyes near the front, but not marginal. Length 13'; breadth scarcely 3/". Vermiculus lineatus, Dalyell, Pow, Creat. ii. 90. pl. 10. f. 19, 20. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell.

2. C.? flustre, filiform, acute at both ends, pellucid, dark-grey or brownish, with a darker line in front; eyes black, placed on a pellucid portion in front. Length 3!".

Ascaris flustre, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 92. pl. 10. f. 27.

Hab. Coast of Scotland amongst Flustree, Dalyell.

14, TETRASTEMMA, Ehrenberg, 1831. Tetrastemma, Oersted, Entw. Platitw. 84. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 256.

Char. Acephalous, the body linear-elongate, flattish, with four eyes placed in a quadrangle in front: mouth terminal.

. T. varicolor, body rounded in front, tapered at the tail; eyes in a square ; the front unspotted. Length 10-15"; breadth 1!". ah a, cream-yellow. Var. B. punctulated with black. Var. y. olivaceous. Planaria quadrioculata, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56.

Nemertes quadrioculata, Johnston in Mag. Zool. § Bot.i. 535. pl. 17. f. 4.

Prostoma quadrioculata, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436.

Polia quadrioculata, Quatrefages in Voy. en Sicile, ii. 128. pl. 16. f. 10.

Tetrastemma varicolor, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 85. f, 41-44. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 257.

Hab. The shore between tide-marks.

2. T. variegatum, cylindrical, rather obtuse at both ends, variegated red and white, with a white line down the back. Length 8'; breadth 3!"".

Vermiculus variegatus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 11. 91. pl. 10. f. 25, 26.

Hab. Shores of Scotland, rare, Dalyell.

3. T.? alge, linear-elongate, widest in front, siskin-green tending to yellow or to brown. Length 4!"; breadth $!"". Planaria alge, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 117. pl. 16. f. 24, 25. Hab. Among marine alge, Dalyell. Obs. The motion is very swift.

TETRASTEMMA.—-BORLASIA, “

15. BORLASIA*.

Borlasia, Johnston in Mag. Zool. 8 Bot. i. 536. Nemertes, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 88.

Char. Body linear-elongate, contractile, somewhat compressed, soft, even and continuous: head indistinctly defined, sometimes with a fissure on the sides: eyes four to sixteen, separate and submar- ginal: mouth terminal, the cesophagus unarmed with horny stylettes.

1. B, olivacea, linear-elongate, tapered posteriorly, of a dark olive colour with a red spot in front; eyes from four to eight. Length 3-6"; breadth 1!",

Planaria bioculata, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56.

Nemertes (Borlasia) olivacea, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 536. pl. 18. f. 1. Oecrsted, Entw. Plattw.89. Dies. Syst. Helm.i. 273.

Borlasia olivacea, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi, 434. W. Thompson in lib. ibid. xvii. 388.

Hab. Between tide-marks.

2. B. octoculata, of a uniform light reddish-brown colour; eyes six to eight, placed in opposite pairs on the sides of the head. Length 3"; breadth 13!".

Planaria octoculata, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56.

Nemertes (Borlasia) octoculata, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 537. pl., 18: £2:

Borlasia octoculata, Johnston in Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. xvi. 434. W. Thompson in ibid. xviii. 388.

Nemertes octoculata, Oersted, Entw, Plattw.91. Dies. Syst. Helm. i, 276.

Hab. Under stones, between tide-marks.

3. B. purpurea, narrowed at both ends, of a uniform purplish-red colour, paler underneath; eyes six to eight, marginal. Length 2-3"; breadth 1!"',

Nemertes (Borlasia) purpurea, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 537. pl. 18. f. 3. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 388.

Nemertes purpurea, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 91. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1, 275.

Borlasia purpurea, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434.

Hab. Between tide-marks, at the roots of algee and corallines.

(a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

4. B. gesserensis, linear, obtuse at the ends, greenish, sometimes

* This name was substituted for the Zineus of Simmons by Oken in 1815. It has been since used, in other applications, as a generic appellation, and ought, perhaps, to be discarded.

Die, TERETULARIA.

tending to brown or pale carnation ;:eyes six or more around the anterior margin. Length 33!; breadth 1!".

Planaria gesserensis, “ elongata, viridis, pone caput rufa,” Miill. Zool. Dan. ii. 32. tab. 64. f. 5-8. Turt. Gmel. iv.67. Bosc, Vers, i. 308. Lam, An. s. Vert. ii. 179.

Notospermus gesserensis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 260.

Gordius gesserensis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 73. pl. 10. f. 5.

Hab. “Under stones on the shore,” Dalyell.

Obés. “A slit below indicates the mouth. Colour universally different shades of green; sometimes tending to brown or pale car- nation. Numerous lighter narrow circles, at considerable intervals, with a minute pale speck on the side of each, environ the body, resembling faint annulations.”’ Dalyell.—Oersted conjectures that this species may be the same as our Borlasia olivacea (Entw. Plattw.

89).

5. B. striata, black, with many parallel whitish or cream-coloured lines extending from one extremity to the other. Length 1-4’; breadth 1!’

Borlasia striata, Rathke in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios. xx. 231. Nemertes striata, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 92. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 274. Hab. The littoral zone. ' Obs. The fragment in the collection is about 3 inches long. It closely resembles Lineus longissimus. The eyes are in a line, on a white space, on each side of the head, and are hence very visible. There are seven pale lines on the dorsal surface, one on each side,

and three on the ventral surface. (a) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks.

16. OMATOPLEA.

Prostoma (—), Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xxi. 74 (1830); and in Edin. Journ. Nat. & Geogr. Se. iii. 379.

Nemertes, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 534 (1837).

Prostoma, Johnston in Ann. 8° Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436.

Polystemma, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 92 (1844).

Omatoplea, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 248 (1850).

Char. Body linear-elongate, contractile, somewhat compressed, soft and even: head continuous with the body, indistinctly defined, with or without a shallow fissure on each side, marked with two approximate spots on the dorsal aspect, and with several eyes, scat- tered or clustered: mouth terminal, the cesophagus armed with horny stylettes : anus anterior?

1. 0. gracilis, of a uniform olive colour, very long and linear, or a little narrowed posteriorly ; eyes numerous, arranged on the margins of the head. Length 20"; breadth 1!".

OMATOPLEA. 23

Nemertes gracilis, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 534. pl. 17. f. 1. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 482. Prostoma gracilis, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Polystemma gracile, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 93. Omatoplea gracilis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 250. Hab, Under stones near low-water mark.

Obs. This is probably the “small and slender animal’’ described by Sir J. G. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 65. pl. 8. f. 3-6.

2. 0. rosea, linear-elongate, rounded at both ends, of a uniform cream-colour or roseate ; eyes many, in four clusters anterior to the reddish cardiac spots, the posterior clusters small. Length tks breadth 2!"',

Fasciola rosea, Mill. Verm. 1. ii. 58.

Planaria rosea, Miill. Zool. Dan, Prod. 221; Zool. Dan. ii. 31. tab. 64. f.1,2. W. Thompson in Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. 321. Turt. Gmel. iv. 62. Bosc, Vers, i. 299.

Planaria lactiflorea, Johnston in Zool. Journ. ii. 489.

Nemertes lactiflorea, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 535. pl. 17. f. 2,3. W. Thompson in Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 482.

Prostoma lactiflorea, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435.

Prostoma? rosea, Johnston in ibid. 436.

Polystemma roseum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 92.

Omatoplea rosea, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 251.

Gordius albicans, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 73. pl. 10. f. 5a, 6.

Hab. Between tide-marks. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

3. 0. alba, whitish, with fourteen eyes anterior to the cardiac spots, “the first four on each side near the margin of the body disposed in a line, and at equal distances from each other; considerably behind them are three at each side disposed in a triangular manner, the base towards the head of the worm.” Length 2!; breadth 1!"

Borlasia? alba, W. Thompson’s Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, 271; Ann.

Nat. Hist. xv. 320. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434, Omatoplea alba, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 252.

Hab. Under stones between tide-marks.

4. 0. melanocephala, linear-elongate, yellow or yellowish-green with a dark or black head ; eyes four, arranged in a quadrangle. Length 13"; breadth 3!"'.

Nemertes melanocephala, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 535. pl. 17. f. 4, 5. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 387. Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 88. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 270.

Prostoma candidum? Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xxi. 74, pl. 2. f. 3.

Prostoma melanocephala, Johnston in Ann. &§ Mag. Nat. Hist.xvi. 436.

Vermiculus coluber, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 91. pl. 10. f, 22, 238, 24.

Hab. Under stones between tide-marks, in wet sand.

24 TERETULARIA.

Obs. The Tetrastemma obscurum of Dr. M. S. Schultze is nearly allied to this species; and Schultze has proved that his species is viviparous (Naturg. Turbell. 62. tab. 6. f. 2-10).

(a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

5. 0. pulchra, linear-elliptical, rounded at both ends, of a flesh-red colour, with a series of scarlet spots along each side, or of a uniform aurora-red ; eyes numerous, clustered in front. Length 1-2". breadth 2-3",

Nemertes pulchra, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 536. pl. 17. f. 6. Prostoma pulchra, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436. Polystemma pulchrum, Oersted, Entw. Platiw. 93.

Omatoplea pulehra, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 252. Vermiculus rubens, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 89. pl. 10. f. 13-18.

Hab. The coralline region.

17. STYLUS, Spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 77 (1853). Char. Body linear-elongate, flattish ; the head indistinctly defined,

continuous with the body, oculate, and with a fissure on each side ; the posterior end terminated with a cartilaginous style.

1, S. viridis, uniform mountain-green; the nuchal grooves very distinct ; posterior extremity narrowed, with a style one-sixth the length of the body. Length 3"; breadth 13!"

Gordius viridis spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 78. pl. 11. f. 1. Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare, Dalyell.

2. S. purpureus, of a deep red purple colour; head somewhat spa- thulate, obtuse, with a fissure on each side; posterior extremity narrowed and terminated with a roughish style. Length 8"; breadth 14!",

Gordius purpureus spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 78. pl. 11. f. 2-4. Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare.

3. S. fragilis, of a uniform reddish-orange colour ; the front pointed. Length 33; breadth 2'"; anal style 6!’ Gordius fragilis spmifer, Dalyell, Pow, Creat. ii. 79. pl. 11. f. 5. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell.

4. §. fasciatus, semicylindrical, almost linear; the head obtuse, multocular ; the anal style long and flexible; orange or reddish-

STYLUS.— LINEUS. 25

orange, with many white belts at regular intervals. Length 2-3"; breadth 2!"'; style 6".

Gordius fasciatus spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii, 80. pl. 11. f. 6-9. Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare, Dalyell.

18. LINEUS.

Lineus, Simmons in Sowerby’s Brit. Misc. 15. pl. 8 (1806). Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 605.

Borlasia, Oken in Schweig. Handb. 591. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. \ii. 575.

Nemertes, Cuvier, Regn. Anim. iii. 259,

Char. Body greatly elongated, subcylindrical, almost filiform or tapered slightly backwards: head spathulate, with a distinct fissure on each side: no eyes: mouth terminal, circular; the proboscis in- cluded but protrusile, very long and filiform, armed with horny stylettes: a large aperture underneath the head leading to the vis- ceral cavity: intestine simple, with a small anus opening on the anterior third: “aperture of the genital organs in a small tubercle situated on the rim” of the subcervical opening.—Blainville.

1. L. longissimus, of a uniform dark purple or black colour, with three faint white longitudinal lines, smooth and glistening ; head with a white line in front ; subcervical aperture large and elliptical. Length 8-15! or more; breadth 1-3",

Lineus longissimus, T. W. Simmons in Sowerby’s Brit. Mise, 15. pl.8. Jameson in Wern. Mem.i. 557. Turt. Brit. Faun. 130. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Williams in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 244. f. 64.

Gordius marinus, Montagu in Linn. Trans. vii. 72. Davies in ibid. x1. 292; reprinted in Lond. Med. § Phys. Journ. xxxvi. 207 (1816). Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 74 (1812); not of previous editions.

Borlasia anghiz, Schweig. Handb.591. Quatrefages in Voy. en Sicile, i. 104. pl. 3. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 575, Atlas Par- entomozoaires, tab. 1 a-d (opt.).

Nemertes Borlasii, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 259. W. Thompson in Charlesw. Mag. ii. 21. Griffith’s Cuvier, xu. 468. Oecersted, Entw. Plattw. 92.

Borlasia longissimus, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236.

Meckelia Borlasii, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 265.

Gordius maximus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat, ui. 63, pl. 8. f. 1, 2 & 7-10, and pl. 9. f. 1 (the intestine).

Borlasia nigra, Byerley, Faun. Liverp. 98.

An ascarid or planarian worm, North Brit. Rev. no. xlii. 38. Kings- ley’s Glaucus, 104.

Hab. The littoral zone near low water. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (0) Firth of Forth, Lieut. Thomas, R.N. (ce) South Devon, G. Montagu. (2) South Devon, G. Montagu.

26 TERETULARIA.

2. L. gracilis, cylindrical, tapering to the anal extremity, of a dark umber colour, with a few longitudinal white lines ; head continuous with the body, slightly quadrilobate; subcervical aperture small and rounded. Length 3" or more; breadth 4".

pees ae Goodsir in Ann. &§ Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 378 & 383. pl. 20. f. 3.

Lineus gracilis, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435, Meckelia gracilis, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 268.

Hab. The coralline region.

3. L, lineatus, cylindrical, tapered posteriorly, marked with faint circular wrinkles, of an olive colour, with several parallel equidistant pale lines along the body ; head small, semiovate, obscurely quadri- lobate, the mesial furrows indistinct, the lips white; subcervical aperture round. Length 6; breadth 2-3!"

Hab. The sea- shore.

Obs. There are at least six lines on the dorsal surface, and one or more on the ventral, which are sometimes almost imperceptible. The head is small, and may be almost entirely retracted.

(a) South Devon, J. #. Gray.

(6) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

4. L. murenoides, flattish, closely wrinkled with rugose strize, nar- rowed posteriorly, of a blackish-green colour with a paler mesial line; head small, distinct, semiovate, obtuse, with a deep fissure on each side, and a shallow mesial groove on the dorsum and ventral side; rim of the mouth white; subcervical aperture large and ovate. Length 3-6"; breadth 6’; thickness 2".

Puate I. Ophiocephalus murenoides, D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap. pl. 62.f. 6,7, & 13-15. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 277.

Hab. The shore near low water.

Obs. Larger than LZ. longissimus, and perhaps not inferior in length. It is less brittle.

(a) Black-rocks, Leith, Dr. Greville.

(4) Holy Island, Dr. Johnston.

(c) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

(d) No locality.

(e) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks.

5. L. fasciatus, flattish, wrinkled circularly with rugose strize, tapered posteriorly, of a yellowish-grey, with a dark fascia on each side and a mesial line on the space between them; ventral surface yellowish-grey unlineated ; head spathulate, narrow, depressed, with

MECKELIA. Paz

white lips, and a deep fissure on each side; subcervical aperture elliptical. Length 2"; breadth 3'".

Puate II. Hab. The sea-shore.

Obs. The lateral fascize are not marginal. The character is taken from a very fine specimen, but in others the fascize were obscurely marked.

(a) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks.

(6) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks.

(c) Falmouth.

6. L. viridis, slender, linear-elongate, narrowed behind, of a uniform green colour paler beneath; head distinct, spathulate ; subcervical aperture longitudinal. Length 7-8"; breadth 1'".

Gordius minor viridis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 72. pl. 9. f. 2-7.

Hab. “ Under stones on the shore within the flowing tide,’ Dalyell. (a) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks.

7. L. albus, flattened, linear-elongate, rather acute at both ends, the head spathulate, with a groove on each side; of a very pale carna- tion or white. Length 3”; breadth 2!"

Gordius albus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 75. pl. 9. f. 12, 13.

Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare, Dalyell.

Obs. There is a slight red speckling on the upper surface of the head, but there are no eyes. This and the preceding species are Omatopleans in habit, but they possess the technical character of Lineus.

19. MECKELIA.

Meckelia, Leuckart, 1828, sec. Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Verm. 8. Carinella, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 232 (1833).

Char. Body linear-elongate, narrowed posteriorly, flattened, smooth ; the head continuous with the body, indistinctly defined, obtusely triangulate, with a shallow fissure on each side: mouth inferior, subterminal: eyes none: anus terminal ?

1. M. annulata, of a hyacinth-red colour, with four white lines, one down the middle of the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and ore along each side, crossed with numerous lines of the same colour, which encircle the body, and mark the number of its segments ; sides speckled with white dots; mouth margined with white. Length 12-30"; breadth 2'’.

Gordius annulatus, Montagu in Linn. Trans. yi. 74. - Turt. Brit. Faun. 130. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 73 (1812).

28 TERETULARIA.

Lineus annulatus, Montagu in Mus. Leach. Carinella trilineata, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 232. f. 24. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 482. Meckelia trilineata, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Valencinia annulata, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 244. Gordius anguis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 85. pl. 13, & pl. 10. f. 7-10. Hab. The coralline region. Lurks in the tubes of other worms, but can form for itself a sheath of dried gluten of considerable tenacity. (a) Firth of Forth, Mr. Jenner. (4) South Devon, G. Montagu. c) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 3 Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

2. M. tenia, dull reddish-brown or pale red, with a white longitu- dinal dorsal fascia divided by a dark mesial line; ventral surface paler ; head obtuse and white in front. Length 16"; breadth 1!".

Gordius tenia = The Riband Gordius, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 70. pl. 10. f. 1, 2.

Hab. Coast of Scotland: ‘not rare, but seldom seen above four

inches long,” Dalyell. Lurks in the tubes of other worms.

Obs. “The eolour of the back consists of five lines, the two ex- terior stripes being the broadest, having a white line within each, and the central dark line between them.’’—Dalyell.

20. SERPENTARIA. Serpentaria, H. D. S. Goodsir in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 377.

Char. Body linear-elongated, flat, smooth and even, acephalous and eyeless, breaking up readily in pieces; anterior end with or without fissures : mouth obscure and terminal, with a long protrusile proboscis ; a subnuchal aperture.

1. §. fragilis, of a uniform grey colour, with a lighter-coloured thin margin; head with a small point; subnuchal aperture elliptical. Length 15"; breadth 10"; thickness 1!’

Serpentaria fragilis, Goodsir in Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. 377. pl. 20. f.1, 2.

Meckelia serpentaria, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 266. Gordius fragilis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 55. pl. 6. f. 6, 7 & 7*.

Hab. The coralline region. (a) Firth of Forth, Lieut. Thomas, R.N.

2. S. fusca, of an umber-brown colour, the ventral surface almost white ; anterior end obtuse, with a puckered mouth; subnuchal aperture round. Length 5-18"; breadth 4’; thickness 14!

SERPENTARIA. 29

Planaria flaccida, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iii. 488. Borlasia? flaccida, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Gordius fuscus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 83. pl. 12.

Hab. The coralline region.

Obs. As the specific name flaccida was given to this fine species under the erroneous conclusion that it was the Planaria flaccida of Miller, the name has been dropped for one more appropriate.

(a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

(6) Firth of Forth, Lieut. Thomas, R.N.

30

Order II. BDELLOMORPHA.

HIRUDINEA PLAN&RINA, Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 386.

PHYLLINID, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438.

BpELLomMorPH#, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 142 (1847), & xi. 275 (1849).

Char. Body oblong, flattened, exannulose, smooth and lubricous, acephalous: no eyes: mouth sessile, edentulous and eproboscidean, in the front margin or underneath it, and, usually, with a small suc- torial dise (bothria) on each side: posterior extremity with a large circular disc or with six to eight small pedunculated dises. Intestine with an anal aperture at the posterior extremity of the body. Ner- vous system consisting of two lateral ganglionated cords originating in two cerebral centres placed widely apart. Moneecious or dice- cious ; the sexual apertures lateral and forwards. Marine parasites of fish and mollusca, infesting the outer surface, and sucking their fluids. The ova are capsulated when excluded, and are attached by a filiform peduncle. The development is unknown. No species is phosphorescent nor iridescent.

The British genera may be arranged as follows :—

Suborder I. Cryprocana.

The intestine branched, planarian. Moncecious.

* POLYCOTYLEA. Posterior sucker multipled. 1. Octobothrium.

** MONOCOTYLEA. Posterior sucker undivided. 2. Entobdella. Sucker granulous and armed with two bicuspidate hooks. 3. Capsala. Sucker radiate with a central disc. . Nitchia. Sucker crenulate on the rim with a central disc. . Udonella. Sucker plain, without appendage.

oO

Suborder IT. Ruasppoca@ta.

The intestine undivided, cestoid. Dicecious. 6. Malacobdella.

31

Il. BDELLOMORPHA. I. CRYPTOCGLA. Fam. 1. ONCHOBOTHRIIDA,.

OncHOBOTHRIID& (—), Baird, Entoz. Brit. Mus. 39. Potycory.La, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 569 (1828).

Obs. The body is somewhat pear-shaped, but flat, and broadest at the posterior end, which is furnished with several small suckers in pairs on the margin.

1. OCTOBOTHRIUM, Leuckart, 1827.

Octobothrium, Nordmann, Mikrograph. Beitr. i. 76; and in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de edit. i. 599. Baird in Entoz. Brit. Mus. 40. Diclidophora, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 417.

Char. Body somewhat oval or lanceolate, acephalous : mouth sub- terminal: suckers pedunculated, eight, separate, with four mobile membranous valves.

1. 0. palmatum, lanceolate, produced in front into a short neck ;

suckers on a cylindrical pedicle, spreading in a palmate fashion. Length 7-12'"; breadth 2-23",

Octobothrium digitatum, Rathke in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios. xx. 242 (1843), tab. 12. f. 12-15. Rep. Zool. Ray Soc. 1847, 472. Diclidophora palmata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 417. Octodactylus inherens, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 262. pl. 36. f. 1, 2. Hab. “Infests the gills of the ling, to which it adheres with con- siderable tenacity.”’—Dalyell.

Descr. “It is of a thin and flattened form, extending nine lines in extreme length, by about two in the broadest part. One extremity dilates into two portions, to the right and left, each composed of four tentacular-looking organs, a line in length. The remainder of the body tapers downwards, much like that of the common Pla- narize. A longitudinal internal cavity seems to consist of a larger and a smaller compartment ; besides which numerous pinnate organs also occupy the substance of the body. The colour of the whole is bluish-grey. The body bemg remarkably thin, soft, and flexible, it applies closely to its site, with some adhesion ; and the two anterior portions clasp the rib of the gills in their fold. They have little other motion than slightly extending and contracting.’ — Dalyell.

32 CAPSALID.

Fam. 11. CAPSALIDZ.

TRISTOMIENS, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 321 (1847). CapsaLiv&, Baird, Entoz. Brit. Mus. 41.

Obs. The mouth is inferior and not terminal. On each side, and a little above it, there is a small sucker (bothria) ; and on the hinder extremity a large sucker with a ventral attachment and aspect. ‘The cerebral ganglions are placed a little in advance of the oral aperture.

2. ENTOBDELLA.

Entobdella, Blainville in Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 295 (1818).

Phylline, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 295. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 674. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 391. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 426.

Epibdella, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 259, & lvii. 567.

Char. Body obovate; the front subtriangular, with two oblique marginal linear bothria; the mouth inferior, with a semicircular thickened rim: sucker sessile, hemispherical, with a reflected mar- gin, the concave surface rough with rowed granules, and the centre armed with two horny four-hooked clasps.

1. E. hippoglossi.

mie pediculorum species, Bast. Opusc. Subs. II. ii. 99. tab. 8. f. 11

(1765).

Hirudo hippoglossi, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. no. 2669; Zool. Dan. ii. 18. tab. 54. f. 1-4; copied in Encyclop. Meth. pl. 52. f. 11-14. Fabr. Faun. Grenl. 322. no, 302. f.8. Turt. Gmel. iv. rae Ed in Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop. Nat. Cur. xiii. 678. pl. 32. £ 5s'6:

Phylline hippoglossi, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 295; 2de edit. v. 526. Stark, Elem. 1. 142. Johnston in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 431. pl. 15. f. 1-3. Ray Soc. Rep. Zool. 1847, 472. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii.482. Gould, Invert. Massachus. 343. Mogq.- Tandon, Monogr. 392. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 426.

La Sangsue de l’ Hippoglosse, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 269.

Epibdella hippoglossi, Blainville in lib. cit. lvii. 567, atlas, f. 8. Egidh, Blutelg. 134. £. 79.

Tristoma hamatum, Rathke in Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop. xx. 238. tab. 12. f. 9-11. Ray Soc. Rep. Zool. 1847, 472.

Hab. The parasite of the Holibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris).

Obs. Body ovate, flat, thin, lubricous and semitransparent, so as to permit the vessels and interranea to be seen distinctly ; and of these the most conspicuous are the testes, which form two large round white spots in the centre of the body. The sucker is very large and subpedicellate, rough, with tubercles excepting on the upper side which is smooth; and it is also armed with two pairs of elongate spinous teeth so placed as to form by their union a sort of oblong or horse-shoe-shaped space running from the inferior margin to the centre of the dise.

CAPSALA.—NITSCHIA. 33

(a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (6) Ireland, Brit. Mus. (c) No locality nor name attached.

3. CAPSALA, Bosc, 1811.

Capsala, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 568. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 395.

Tristome, Cuv. Regn. Anim. ui. 265. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 675.

Tristomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 428.

Char. Body suborbicular or oblong, flat: head with two subor- bicular marginal or frontal bothria: mouth anterior, between the bothria: sucker inferior, sessile, saucer-like, seven-radiated, with a small central disc: female aperture below the mouth: male organ filiform, behind the vulva on the left side of the body.

1. C. rudolphiana, suborbicular, emarginate behind, foveolate un- derneath ; bothria frontal, suborbicular ; sucker with a membranous plaited margin. Length 5-9’; breadth 5-10!".

Tristoma coccineum, Rudolphi, Syn. Entoz. 123 & 428. tab. 1. f.7,8. Yarrell, Brit. Fish. i. 353; 2nd edit. 1. 468, vign. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. 175.

Phylline coccinea, Schweig. Handb. 474.

Capsala coccinea, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 569, Atlas, f. 11. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 396.

Tristoma mole, HE. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 326 (1847).

Tristomum rudolphianum, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 429.

Hab. On the short Sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mola), not confined to

the gills, on which I have not found them. They adhere to every part of the skin.

4. NITSCHIA.

Nitzchia, Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 675 (1826). Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 425. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 567. Nitschia, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. Hirud. 393.

Char. Body oblong, flat: head continuous with the body and furnished with two oblique linear marginal bothria: mouth between the bothria, frontal: sucker sessile, cupped, with an inflected crenu- late rim and a small central disc: female aperture beneath the mouth: penis filiform, below the vulva.

1. N. elegans. Nitzchia elegans, Baer in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios. xiii. 660. tab. 32. f. 1-4. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 426. Blainv. lib. cit. lii. 568. Capsala elongata, Nordmann in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de édit. iii. 602. Baird, Entoz. Brit. Mus. 42. D

34 MALACOBDELLID,

Nitschia elongata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 394. Tristoma sturionis, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 329 (1847).

Hab, The gills of the Sturgeon. Found on Acipenser acutirostris, Parn., taken on the coast of Scotland by Dr. Melville.

5. UDONELLA.

Udonella, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 498. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 427.

Char. Body subcylindrical : head cuneate and truncate, with two oblique marginal oblong bothria: mouth between the bothria, with a short bell-shaped proboscis encircled at the orifice with a double series of papillee: sucker terminal, sessile, urceolate: sexual aper- tures ventral and forwards.

1. U. caligorum.

Udonella caligorum, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vin. 497. f.45. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 320. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 427. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 13, & i. pl. 66, f. 11.

Hab. Payasitical on the Caligus of the Holibut.

Il. RHABDOCGLA. Fam. 111. MALACOBDELLIDZ.

BpELLOMORPHES, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Se. nat. xii. 275 (1849).

Caar. Body flattened, exannulose, smooth, with a circular saucer- shaped sucker at the posterior extremity. Mouth anterior, marginal, edentulous, minutely papillose: intestinal canal simple, with a vent above the sucker. There is no heart, but the circulating system is well developed and copiously ramified. The respiration is cutaneous. The nervous system is bilateral. The sexes are separate; and the female is oviparous,

6. MALACOBDELLA.

Malacobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xvii. 270; ibid. lvii. 566; and in Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 217. Blanchard in Ann, des Sc. nat. iv. 373 (1845), and viii. 142 (1847). Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 445. Xenistum, H. Blanchard in lib. cit. 142. Char. Body oval or oblong: sexual orifices towards the front : mouth in a frontal emargination, villous internally: sucker attached

at the centre, unarmed, large.

MALACOBDELLA. 35

1. M. grossa, ovate, oblong, roughish with minute granules, flesh- colour ; front emarginate ; intestine flexuous throughout. Length 1-2"; breadth 6!".

Hirudo grossa, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2668 ; Zool. Dan. i. 21. tab. 21. f. 1-5; copied in Encyclop. Méthod, pl. 52. f. 6-10. Turt. Gmel. iv. 70. Johnston’s Introd. Conchol. 381. Phylline grossa, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vu. 587. f. 67. Malacobdella grossa, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr, 388. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 143 (1847). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 445. Monostoma Cyprine, Mus. Leach. Hab. In lamellibranchiate mollusca from the coralline region: e. g. Artemis exoleta, Cyprina islandica, and Cardium echinatum. (a) In Cyprina islandica, Plymouth.—Leach.

2. M. Valenciennzi, oblong, transparent, yellowish-white ; the front subsinuate ; the intestine flexuous on the lower half only. Length 16"; breadth 3—4!",

Hirudo grossa, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 270. Malacobdella grossa, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 566, Atlas, f. 9. Xenistum Valenciennzi, Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 365 (1845). Malacobdella Valenciennzei, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 389. Blanchard in Ann. des Se. nat. iv. 373 (1845), viii. 143 (1847), and xii. 276. pl. 5. Cuw. Reg. Anim. illustr. Annel. pl. 23. f. 5. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 445. Hab. In Mya truncata, between the cloak and the body of its tenant. Firth of Forth.

Obs. In the ‘Fauna of Liverpool,’ Mr. Byerley mentions ‘‘a marine suctorial species found between the branchial leaflets of Pholas eris- pata,” p. 99. This was probably M. Valenciennei.

(a) Two specimens. They were in the same vial with the pre- ceding.

3. M. anceps, oblong, the front truncate, with two reddish spots on the vertex ; intestine flexuous. Hirudo anceps, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 11. pl. 1. f. 22-25. Hab. Scottish seas, Dalyell.

Desc. ‘‘ Length, when extended, nine lines, breadth three ; body tapering slightly to the anterior extremity, which is obtuse. The posterior extremity terminates in a sucker of considerable diameter, colour wax-yellow. A waving intestine down the centre is percep- tible. Two dull red specks are indistinctly seen towards the ante- rior. The whole animal is of a very gelatinous aspect.’’— Dalyell.

The Monopus medusicola of Gosse (Ann. § Mag. N. Hist. ser. 2. xy. 277. pl. 8B) is not a Leech, but a Trematode worm, allied to Distoma.

o bo

36

Order II]. BDELLIDEA.

Hirvupo, Linn. Syst. x. 649. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 1. chap. 1.

Les SanesuEs, Cuv. Rég. Anim. iu. 212.

ANNELIDES HrrupInEsx, Savigny, Syst. des Annel. 6 & 105.

Hirvupines, Savigny, Syst. 108.

SANGUISUGAIRES, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 205 (1827).

Hirupinega, Blainville in lid. cit. xvii. 205. Latr. Fam. Nat. 246. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 279.

Les Hirupin£Es, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 289.

Hrrupina, Macleay in Murchison’s Silurian System, 11. 699 (1839) ; and in Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. 385.

Bpe.uipEA, Blainville sec. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 415.

My zocEPHALA MONOCOTYLA SEU BDELLAIRES, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 530, 555 & 556.

ANNELIDES sucEuRS, Milne-Edwards, Elem. Zool. ii. 225.

ANNELIDA SUCTORIA, Jones, Anim. Kingd. 189.

ANNELIDES SUCEUSES, Audouin & M.-Edwards, Litt. de la France, n. 50.

Discopuora, Grube, Fam. Annelid. 28.

Char. Body elongated, depressed or subcylindrical, annular, the rings narrow, defined by continuous lines, apodous, determinate in number; the anterior conformed into a more or less distinct sucker, with the mouth in its centre or on its ventral side ; and the posterior forming a terminal circular cupped disc: mouth sessile, with or without denticles or jaws, or with a proboscis: eyes sometimes none, more commonly there are from two to ten on the anterior rigs in pairs, sessile and simple: sexual orifices single, anterior and ventral simple pores in the median line: vent opening on the dorsum above the posterior disc. Nervous system a single median ganglionated chain. No special organs of taste, smell, or hearing; the touch exquisite, diffused, but perhaps more concentrated in the dises. Circulation in vessels, the blood red or almost colourless. No special organs of respiration: intestinal canal chambered, sacculated, and furnished with czecal appendages more or less developed: herma- phroditical. In a more or less strict sense, the Bdellidea are all parasitical and aquatic. They suck the juices of other animals, but a few are zoophagous. They do not reproduce amputated portions of the body. They are oviparous, and protect the ova in horny capsules or in fibro-gelatinous cocoons. The young do not undergo a metamorphosis, and attain maturity slowly. None are phospho-

BDELLIDEA. 5i//

rescent; and the skin rarely* and feebly reflects the light. Pro- gression is effected by alternate fixations and loosenings of the suckers, and by corresponding contractions and extensions of the intermediate segments or rings. Many species can also swim in the water by undulatory eel-like movements of the extended body.

The British genera may be arranged as follows :—

Tribe I. Hrrupinacra, Grube.

Mouth without a protrusile proboscis.

* Oral sucker entire, exannular, strictured at its origin, with the mouth at the bottom of the cup on its ventral side.

Family I. BRANCHELLIDZ. Branchizeform lobes on each side of the segments. 1. Branchellion. The only genus.

Family II. PISCICOLIDZA. Segments not marginated.

2. Pontobdella. Segments distinct: eyes none. 3. Piscicola. Segments indistinct: eyes on the sucker.

** Oral sucker incomplete, continuous with the body, and formed by a moulding of the anterior rings.

Family III. NEPHELID. Anus large: the gullet long.

4. Nephelis. Mouth edentulous: gullet with three plaits: eyes eight.

5. Trocheta. Jaws rudimentary, not denticulated: gullet with three plaits: eyes eight.

6. Aulastoma. Jaws three, minute: gullet with twelve plaits: eyes ten.

Family IV. HIRUDINIDZ. Anus very small: the gullet short. 7. Hemopsis. Jaws three, not compressed, sparingly and bluntly

denticulate: eyes ten. 8. Hirudo. Jaws three, compressed, multidentate: eyes ten.

Tribe II. Cunpstnea, Grube.

Mouth with a protrusile proboscis.

Family V. GLOSSOPORIDA. The only family. 9. Glossophonia. The only genus.

Ill. BDELLIDEA.

I, HIRUDINACEA. Fam. I. BRANCHELLID.

SANGSUES BRANCHELLIENNES, Savigny, Syst. Annelid. 106.

Obs. The foliaceous lobes which margin and thicken the sides were described by Savigny as branchial organs, but Blainville assures us that they are not so. De Quatrefages has proved that they are branchial in a certain sense,—aérating the lymph and chyle previous to their admixture with the blood.

1. BRANCHELLION, Savigny, 1817.

Branchellion, Savigny, Syst. Annel. 109. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. v. 529. Qde édit. Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 216. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 281. Branchiobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 556.

Char. Body elongate, flattened, coriaceous, annulated and mar- gined with a series of foliaceous lobes along each side, commencing on the fourteenth segment: oral sucker with a ventral] aspect, small, deeply cupped, with a broad entire rim, constricted at its insertion, and supported on a long cylindrical smooth neck issuing abruptly from the body: mouth with three obsolete jaws: anal sucker larger, cupped, terminal, with a ventral aspect, without a rim: vent very small, round: sexual male orifice at the base of the neck and anterior to the female, which is between the fifteenth and sixteenth rings.

1. Br. torpedinis, foliaceous appendages in five semicircular lobes.

Branchellion torpedinis, Savig. Syst. Annel. 109. Risso, ? Europ. Meérid. iv. 432. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 282. pl. 1. f. 1-10. M.- Edwards in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2nde édit. v. 530. Cuv. Regn. Anim. illustr. 51. pl. 23. f. 3.

La Sangsue de Rodolphi, Blainv. Monogr. Hirud. 39.

Branchiobdella torpedinis, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 556 ; Atlas, Hirud. f. 1.

Branchiobdella Rudolphu, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 443.

Le Branchellion, Quatrefages, Souv. d’un Naturaliste, ti. 326 & 527.

Hab. On the Electric-Rays (Torpedo). Obs. The species is described as being of a dark-brown dotted

with yellowish-white, but, in spirits, it becomes of a uniform sienna- yellow colour. The body is flattened; the dorsal surface a little

PISCICOLID. 39

convex, obscurely annulate and smooth; the ventral surface flat, crossed with thirty-two raised equidistant plaits terminating by an enlargement on each side in the lateral appendages. These are foliaceous, with thin undulating broad lobes, veined with branching vessels so that they have the appearance of being branchial. The oral sucker is small, without eyes. The rings of the neck, which tapers from its origin upwards, are obsolete, and there is a sexual aperture at its base. The first segment of the body is rounded and circular. Anal sucker twice as large as the oral, with a granulous disc. Length 2"; breadth 4". (a) English: with Soles, 7. Z. Gray.

Fam. II. PISCICOLIDZ.

SANGSUES ALBIONIENNES, Savigny, Syst. Annel. 106. HirRUDINEA ALBIONEA, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 280.

Obs. The parasites of fish on whose juices they feed ; and, as the mouth is edentulous, the fluid must be sucked through or from the soft skin. The intestine has no sacculated appendages. The blood is reddish or yellowish only. Some species communicate a strong tincture to spirits. The ova are included in horny capsules, which are attached to foreign bodies.

2. PONTOBDELLA, Leach, 1814.

Pontobdella, Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit.i.451. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vy. 293. Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvu. 241, & lvu. 557. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 284. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 436.

Albione, Savigny, Syst. des Annel. 106, 110.

Char. Body elongate-cylindrical, narrowed forwards, coriaceous, distinctly and unequally annulated, with a complete circular sucker at each extremity: oral sucker of one segment, separate from the body, cupped, with an entire margin and an interior adnate cup, at the base of which, a little to the ventral side, is the small mouth furnished with three obsolete denticles : anal sucker cupped, terminal ; the anus a minute pore on the back behind it: sexual pores anterior, the male aperture posterior to the female. Parasites of sea fish. The egg-capsules are erect, attached by a broad base; and each capsule contains a single foetus.

* With a clitellus formed of eight unequal narrower rings, and where the sexual pores open outwardly.

1. P. muricata, rings encircled with a series of subacute warts spi- nulose on the top; segment rings narrow, with small warts ; oral sucker with three marginal tubercles on each side. Length 4".

40 PISCICOLID.

Sangsue de mer, Rondel. Poiss. ii. 77. fig.

Hirudo marina, Gesner, Hist. Pisc. et Aquatil. iv. 513. fig. Aldrov. de Insect. lib. vii. 733. Johnst. de Insect. lib. iv. 206. tab. 25.

Insectum marinum hirudini affine cornubiense, Rati Hist. Insect. 4.

Hirudo muricata, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506; Syst. 1080; Mus. Adolph. Freder. 93. tab. 8. f. 3, with the name Hirudo marina. [This is the original of the ‘‘ horned ” figure in Pennant, &c.] Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 38. pl. 20. f. 14; edit. 1812, iv. 71. pl. 21. f.4. Turt. Gmel. iv. 71; Brit. Faun. 130. Stew. Elem. 1. 357. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 38. Dalyell in Edin. New Phil. Journ. 1827, 391. Grant in Edin. Journ. of Science, no. 14. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 3. pl. 1. f. 1-15.

Pontobdella spinulosa, Leach, Zool. Mise. ii. tab. 65; and in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. i. 451. pl. 26. Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 294; 2de édit. v. 525. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. Egidy, Bluteg. 106. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 437. .

Pontobdella muricata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. v. 293; 2de édit. v. 524. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236. Risso, ? Europ. Mérid. iv. 432. Grube, Actin. 60. Egidy, Bluteg. 106. tab. 4. f. 71. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 285. pl. 1. f. 11, 12; pl. 2. f.1-9.

Albione muricata, Savigny, Syst. Annel.110. D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap.i. 49. Cuv. Reg. An. illustr. 51. pl. 23. f. 2.

La Sangsue épineuse, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 241.

La S. spinuleuse, Blainv. ibid. 242.

Hab. On the Skate, frequent. (a) Firth of Forth, Mus. Leach. (4) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (c) Disp.? The locality is illegible. (d) Falmouth, J. Cranch (P. areolata). (e) Falmouth, J. Cranch. (f) Sandgate, Kent, Mus. Leach. (g) Sandgate, Rev. Ger. Smith. (4) Hastings. (7) No label. (7) Weymouth Bay. (4) Weymouth, W. Thompson.

2. P. verrucata, rings encircled with depressed or mammiform warts generally confluent and without a spinulose apex; segment rings less distinct, narrow; rim of the oral sucker without tuber- cles. Length 4".

Hirudo piscium, Bast. Opuse. Subs. i. 82. tab. 10. f. 2.

Hirudo verrucosa, Fleming in Wern. Mem. ii. 245. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 39.

Pontobdella verrucata, Grube, Actin. 60. Mogq.-Tandon, Monogr. 288. pl. 2. f.10& 12. Egidy, Bluteg.106. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 438.

Albione yerrucata, Savig. Syst. Annel. 111.

La Sangsue verruqueuse, Blainv. Dict. cit. xlvii. 242.

Hab. On the Skate, frequent; and hence our fishermen call this and the preceding, the Skate-leech or Skate-sucker.

PONTOBDELLA. 41

Obs. I am inclined to believe that P. muricata and verrucata are distinet species, to be distinguished by the assigned characters in general readily, although I have seen a few specimens where some hesitation might exist as to their specific designation. When alive both are of a dull green colour. There are twelve rings between the oral sucker and the clitellus, and three of these are more prominent than the intervening ones. The clitellus is composed of eight un- equal narrower rigs. Behind the clitellus there are about forty-six rings, divided into sets of three each by the intervention of a nar- rower and less papillose ring. Sometimes from distension this divi- sion into rings becomes obliterated, or nearly so.

(a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

(4) South coast of Devon, G. Montagu.

(c) Abergsteyth, Rev. J. Henslow.

(d) Falmouth, J. Cranch.

(e) No locality.

3. P. areolata, body narrowed forwards into a taper annulated neck, smooth and even, indistinctly or obsoletely ringed; oral sucker small, one-half the size of the anal, the rim plain. Length 3"; breadth 5!’

Pontobdella areolata, Leach in Brit. Mus. Coll. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lvu. 557. Mogq.-Tandon, Monogr. 290. pl. 2. f.12. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 439. La Sangsue aréolée, Blainv. Dict. cit. xlvu. 242; Monogr. 40. Hab. The English coast: rare.

Obs. The specimen labelled ‘ P. areolata”’ in the Mus. Coll. is one of P. muricata, and the specimen which I presume to be P. areolata has no name affixed to it. It is in bad condition, but from its flexibility and flatness it may be inferred that the leech is soft when living. It is at once seen that it differs from every variety of P. verrucata by the gradual manner in which the body tapers from below the middle to the head. There are no distinct rings excepting on the neck. Over the body generally there is an appearance as it were of subcutaneous depressed warts which give, in some partial spots, the areolated appearance whence the name has been derived. The colour, in spirits, is a dull yellowish-grey. It seems a distinct species.

(a) Plymouth Sound, Charles Prideauzx.

** Segments and rings subequal, smooth: no clitellus.

4. P. levis, skin smooth, obsoletely annulated ; body narrowed for- wards ; anal sucker comparatively small, less than the oral or sub- equal. Length 4-6".

Hirudo (Pontobdella) levis, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlyii. 248, Atlas Sangsues, f. 3.

42 PISCICOLID.

Pontobdella levis, Blainv. Dict. cit. vii. 557. Egidy, Bluteg. 106. pl. 4. f. 72 (cop. from Blainv.). Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 290. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 391. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 439,

Hab. The coralline region: rare.

Obs. Tinctures the spirits a beautiful scarlet colour. P. muri- cata, on the contrary, imparts an intense green colour to the fluid.

5. P. littoralis, body naked, wrinkled with the narrow rings, chest- nut-brown or variegated with rufous ; suckers with an oblique rim. Length 1-2"; breadth 2-3".

- Piscicola marma, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 441. pl. 15. f. 4-62 W. Thompson in Rep. Irish Invert. 272.

Ichthiobdella marina, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 442. Hirudo vittata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 9. pl. 1. f. 16-21.

Hab. Parasitical on littoral fish.

Obs. In spirits the colour becomes a uniform wood-brown. The rings are obscurely marked, but are made evident by the series of minute crenulations on the margins. The capsules are sessile and nearly hemispherical. The specimen mentioned by Sir J. G. Dalyell, which was 8 or 9 inches long, belonged probably to P. levis.

(a) Berwick Bay, on Aspidophorus cataphractus, Dr. Johnston.

6. P. campanulata, dark olive speckled with yellow, smooth, exan-

nular; suckers pale, the anal very large comparatively. Length 13; breadth 3!"'.

Hirudo eampanulata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 12. pl. 1. f. 26, 27. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell.

3. PISCICOLA*.

Piscicola, Blainville in Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 294 (1818); 2de édit. v. 525; im Dict. des Se. nat. xlvu. 244. Muell. de Hirud. Berol. 15. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 293.

Ichthyobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 244, & lvii. 557. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 439.

Hemocharis, Savig. Syst. des Annel. 106 & 111; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 11. Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 215.

Char. Body elongate, subcylindrical, a little narrowed forwards, indistinctly annulated : oral sucker saucer-like, excentrically attached, strictured at its insertion: mouth small, inferior, edentulous: eyes in pairs on the dorsal side of the sucker: anal sucker larger than the oral, excentrically attached, somewhat elliptical, with a simple

* Grube places this genus in the tribe Clepsinea,

NEPHELID®. 43

thin margin: male orifice at the base of the neck, the female pos- terior to it: vent very small, and scarcely visible. Lacustrine.

1. P. geometra, eyes eight, in pairs congregate on a fuscous spot ; anal sucker rayed with fuscous, and marked between the rays with eight blackish dots. Length 8-12'; breadth 1-2!"’.

Hirudo teres extremitatibus dilatatis, Linn. Faun. Suec. 365.

Hirudo geometra, Linn. Syst. x. 650; xii. 1080; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 38. pl. 20. f.13. Turt. Gmel. iv. 70; Brit. Faun.129. Johnson on Med. Leech, 35. Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 11. pl. 1. f. 1-8.

The Great-tailed Leech, Hill, Hist. Anim. ii. 17.

Hirudo piscium, Roésel, Insect. ii. 199. tab. 32. f. 1-8. Mill. Verm. i. 1.43; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 70 (1812), pl. 21. f.3. Stew. Elem. u. 357. Ray Soc. Rep. 1845, 286.

Piscicola pisctum, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 294; 2de édit. v. 525. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 294.

Heemocharis piscium, Savig. Syst. Annel. 111.

Ichthyobdella geometra, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 244, & lwu. 558. Gervais in Ann. des Se. nat. vii. 56 (1837). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 440.

Ichthyobdella piscium, Egidy, Bluteg. 107. pl. 4. f. 73. Piscicola geometra, Flem. Phil. Zool. i. 604. W. Thompson in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 437. Hab. In lakes, infesting the fish.

Obs. M. Gervais asserts that the ocular points on the anterior sucker, and the specks on the posterior sucker, are identical in structure !

2. P. perce, anal sucker with fourteen dusky rays and as many black dots disposed circularly. Length 1'; breadth 2".

Ichthyobdella perce, R. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236. f. 28. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 442. Piscicola percee, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 441.

Hab. ‘Found on a perch brought from Lough Neagh by Miss Templeton.”

Fam. Ill. NEPHELIDZ.

Obs. The rudimentary condition of the jaws disables the members of this family from piercing the skin of animals. They are emi- nently carnivorous, preying on worms, mollusca, and insect larve, which they swallow entire. The intestinal canal follows the cha- racter which the nature of the food indicates ;—it is simple, without lateral prominent lobes; but in Aulostoma the stomach shows a tendency to be sacculated, and has a pair of long appendages. The species are lacustrine, but they leave the water often, and live under

44 NEPHELID&.

stones on the wet shore. They swim with ease, and crawl in the usual manner along the ground. They deposit their eggs in multi- parous capsules.

4. NEPHELIS.

Heluo, Oken in Schweigg. Handb. 593.

Nephelis, Savig. Syst. Annel.107 & 117. Lam. An.s. Vert, 2de édit. v. 527. Mogqg.-Tandon, Monogr. 301. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 456. Erpobdella, Blainville in am. An. s. Vert. v. 296; Dict. des Sc. nat.

xlvii. 258, & Iv. 563. Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 11.

Char. Body linear-elongate, widening a little and insensibly back- wards, flattened, of numerous equal rather indistinctly defined rings, acephalous: mouth large, with a semielliptical protrusile lip formed of three segments constituting a sort of sucker: eyes 8, in two sub- arcuate series on the first and third rings: sexual orifices, the male between the 3lst and 32nd, and the female between the 34th and 35th rings. Anal sucker obliquely terminal, centrally attached, of medium size: vent large, semilunar. Ova in a horny capsule affixed horizontally, and cemented to subaquatic bodies.

1. N. octoculata.

Hirudo meas nigra abdomine’ subcinereo, Linn. Faun. Suec. 365. no. 1273.

Hirudo octoculata, Linn. Syst. x. 649, xii.1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Blumenb. Elem. Nat. Hist. 244. Turt. Gmel.iv.69; Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71 (1812). _Willdenow, Princip. Bot. 142.

Hirudo vulgaris, Miill. Verm. i. ii. 40; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. no. 2661. Stew. Elem. 1. 356. Johnson on Medic. Leech, 33; Furth. Obs. 29, with a plate.

Erpobdella vulgaris, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 296; 2de édit. v. 528. Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvu. 259, lvii. 564. D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap.i. 49. LEgidy, Bluteg. 134. f. 64.

Nephelis tessellata, Savig. Syst. 117.

Nondescript Leech, Ure’s Rutherglen, 236.

La Nephelis vulgaire, Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xv. 312 & 335 (1828), pl. 9. f. 8 (the cocoon).

Nephelis vulgaris, Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 13. pl. 1. f. 9-14. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 456.

Nephelis octoculata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 302. pl. 3, fig. omn. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 389.

Hirudo octo-oculata seu vulgaris—The eight-eyed Leech, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 14. pl. 2. f. 1-19.

Hab. Stagnant and still-running water.

Obs. From 1 to 14 inch long, 2 lies broad. The margins are rather sharp and crenulate, and usually yellowish or fawn. The back is variously coloured,—reddish-brown, unicolorous or speckled with yellowish and black dots and lines, or prettily tessellated with

NEPHELIS.—TROCHETA. 45

yellowish quadrangular spots arranged in a regular pattern. The ventral surface is olivaceous or reddish-brown, unspotted. At certain seasons there appears, on the anterior third of the body, a broad belt or clitellus, most apparent on the belly; and in the middle of it there is the orifice whence the ova are excluded. The young are greyish, with dusky interranea forming an ill-defined fascia along each side.

Miller and Moquin-Tandon have characterized twelve varieties from the peculiar patterns on which the colours are disposed; and four of these Savigny has described as distinct species. I have found three of them in Coldingham Lough.

(a) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston.

5. TROCHETA.

Trocheta, Moqg.-Tandon, Monogr. 308. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 459.

Trochetia, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 291. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 244. Cuv. Regn. Anim. ii. 215.

Geobdella, Blainville in lib. cit. xlvii. 244, & lvii. 559.

Char. Body elongate, flattish, smooth, acephalous, composed of numerous subequal narrow segments separated by a simply impressed line: mouth large, oblique, with the thick prominent obtuse upper lip curling over it: eyes 8, small, the front row lunate, the hinder one transverse: sexual orifices between the 32nd and 33rd, and be- tween the 37th and 38th rings: vent large, semilunate: anal sucker of medium size, attached in the centre, directed ventrally. Ova in coriaceous capsules, free, deposited in moist ground.

1. T. subviridis. Trochetia subviridis, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 292; 2de édit. v. 523. J. E. Gray in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vu. 429. Geobdella de Dutrochet, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 246, lvii. 559, Atlas pl. Hirudin. f. 6. Egidy, Bluteg. 109. Trocheta subviridis, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 309. pl. 4, fig.omn. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 459. Hab. Boggy ground, subterranean ditches and runlets. Feeds on the earth-worm.

Obs. The specimen in the Museum was, when alive, more than 7 inches long. It is yet fully 6, and } an inch in diameter. The dorsal surface is of a uniform dull greenish-grey colour; the ventral a shade lighter, and more muscular. The rings are narrow, nearly equal, marked by a simply impressed separating line, and not crenu- late on the margins. The mouth is large, transverse, subtriangulate, with a thick muscular overlapping upper lip, which is somewhat crisped. There is a blackish fascia across the front above the lip, but I can detect no eyes; and Moquin-Tandon says that they are frequently difficult to be seen, and are sometimes absent. About an

46 NEPHELID2.

inch and a half behind the mouth the female aperture is very distinct, but the male one is invisible. The vent is very large ; and the sucker is shallow with a thin rim.

(a) Regent’s Park. Zoological Society.

6. AULOSTOMA.

Aulostoma, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 312. Pseudobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 246 & lvii. 559. Aulostomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 461.

Char. Body elongate, narrowed forwards, depreszed, soft, acepha- lous, composed of many equal segments, the sexual orifices between the 24th and 25th, and the 29th and 20th: penis cylindrical: mouth oblique, suctorial, with the upper lip almost lanceolate and protruded in a semi-ellipse ; the gullet with twelve long plaits. Eyes 10, ina curved line: anal sucker rather small, centrally attached with a ven- tral aspect : vent large and semilunate, Ova in a free fibrous cocoon, multiparous. Lacustrine, often resident on the humid margin. Carnivorous.

1. A. gulo.

Hirudo maxime apud nos vulgaris, The Horse-Leech or Blood-Sucker, Raii Hist. Insect. 3.

Horsleech, Mouf. Theat. Insect. 323, fig.

Hirudines venenatz, Horse-Leeches, Sibb. Scot. Illustr. 1. 3.34. Hill, Hist. Anim. 1. 16. Quekett in Zoologist, i. 17 & 88.

Hirudo sanguisuga, Merret, Pinaz, 207. Miill. Verm. i. 1. 38; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 70. Turt. Gmel. iv. 68; Brit. Faun. 129. Stew. Elem. ii. 356. Watson, Diss. Inaug. de Hirud. 13. Johnson on the Medic. Leech, 30. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 22. pl. 3. f. 1-10.

Hirudo vorax, Johnson on the Med. Leech, 62.

Heemopsis sanguisuga, Hardy in Tynes. Nat. Club Trans. i. 96.

Hemopis nigra, Savig. Syst. Annel. 116.

La Sangsue noire, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvi. 249,

Pseudobdella nigra, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 560, Atlas Hirudin. f. 1. Egidy, Bluteg. 111. f. 66.

Hemopsis sanguisorba, Brightwell in Ann. 8 Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 12.

Aulostoma gulo, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 313. pl. 5. f. 1-6.

Aulostoma nigrescens, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 215. Walliams, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 238.

Aulostomum gulo, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 461.

B. nigra, “ Hirudo elongata, per totum corpus nigerrima,” John- son, Med. Leech, 32. Hab. Stagnant waters: common.

Oés. In extension about 4" in length ; when contracted somewhat granulous. Dorsal surface of a dark olive-green colour or almost black, ventral surface yellowish-green ; but the leech is variable in

HIRUDINID. 47

depth of colouring, and is either prettily and thickly spotted, or spa- ringly spotted, or unspotted. Anterior pair of eyes approximate, the posterior widest asunder and apart. In some individuals the ventral surface is scarcely different in colour from the dorsal, and in these a yellow line runs along the edges.

(a) Islington, J. F. Stephens.

(4) Lough in Holy-Island, Dr. Johnston.

(e) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston.

Fam. IV. HIRUDINIDA.

Obs. This family is suctorial. Cutting into the skin they suck the blood of vertebrate animals, and only fall away when gorged. The alimentary canal is deeply incised and lobed, with the hinder pair of lobes elongated in an intestinal manner. In these the blood will often remain for days and weeks undigested. They endure long abstinence without any apparent loss of bulk. They are lacustrine, but willingly remain out of the water, where they seem to spend the greater portion of their summer life. They become hidden in winter. The ova are involved in a free sponge-like capsule.

7. HAMOPSIS.

Hemopsis, Savig. Syst. Annelid. 107 & 115. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 317. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 462. Hippobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 251, lvi. 560. Char. Body elongate, widening backwards, depressed, of numerous distinct segments, with the sexual orifices between the 24th and 25th, and the 29th and 30th: acephalous: mouth large, with the upper lip protruded and almost lanceolate: jaws 3, small, equal, oval, not compressed, with a few blunt denticles: eyes 10, on a curved line, six approximate on the first segment, two on the second, and two on the third: vent small and round: anal sucker large, obliquely terminal. Ova in a spongy cocoon. Lacustrine.

1. H. sanguisuga, greenish-black on the dorsal, and a yellowish- green on the ventral surface, marked with irregular spots: eyes indistinct. Length 4"; breadth 5'".

Hirudo depressa fusca margine laterali flavo, Linn. Faun. Suec. 364.

Sanguisuga, Petiv. Gazoph. 7. tab. 130. f. 7.

Hirudo sanguisuga, Linn. Syst. x. 649, xii. 1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 505.

Hirudo sanguisorba, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. v. 291; 2de édit. v. 521. Payraudeau, Annelid. & Mollusq. de Corse, 17.

Hemopis sanguisorba, Savig. Annel. 115. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 462.

La Sangsue des chevaux, Cuv. Reg. Anim. Illust. Annel. 49.

A8 HIRUDINID.

La Sangsue de cheval, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 252. Milne- Edwards, Elem. Zool. ii. 227.

Hippobdella sanguisuga, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lyii. 561. ,

Hippobdella sanguisorba, Blainv. Dict. Atlas Hirud. f. 2. Egidy, Bluteg. 134. f. 67.

Hemopis sanguisuga, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 318.

8. fusca, body almost cylindrical, the back of a very deep brown, unbanded ; the margins of the same colour. Hirudo fusca, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 273. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 348.

Hab. Lakes and ponds.

Obs. The variety is a disputable worm. Blainville inquires if it may not be the Trocheta subviridis. Derheims says that it is found

in the north of Scotland, and is rather terrestrial than aquatic in its habits.

8. HIRUDO.

Hirudo, Linn. Syst. x. 649. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 326. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 465.

Sanguisuga, Savig. Syst. Annel. 113. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 2de édit. v. 520; Encyclop. Brit. xi. 225.

Iatrobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 253 & lvii. 561.

Char. Body elongate, insensibly widening backwards, plano-con- vex, composed of numerous narrow equal very distinct segments, margined: acephalous ; the oral sucker with an entire thick plaited rim, the upper hp prominent, obtusely lanceolate: mouth large, with three equal compressed jaws, multidenticulate on the cutting edge: eyes 10, on a curved line; six on the first segment, two on the third, and two on the sixth, remote from the others: anal sucker rather small, with a ventral aspect, radiatingly plaited : vent minute, round. Encloses the ova in a free spongy cocoon.

1. H. medicinalis, greenish-olive or very dark green or brown, with six interrupted yellowish fascize along the back, sometimes obsolete ; the marginal band straight. Length 4-7; breadth 6!".

Hirudo major, Gesner, Hist. Pisc. 8° Aquatil. 503, cum fig.

Hirudo, Aldrov. de Insect. lib. 7. 722, and the fig. p. 765. Willis in Act. Hafn. 1. 120, cum fig. rud.

La Sangsue, Rondel. Poiss. ii. 169.

Hirudo alia parvis tuberculis nonnihil aspera medicinalis, Raii Hist. Insect. 3.

Hirudines innoxie vulgares, Sib. Scot. Illustr. ii. 3. 34.

Hirudo depressa nigra abdomine subcinereo, Linn. Faun. Suec. 365.

The Common Leech, Hill, Hist. Anim. iii. 16. pl. 2.

the: Leech, Swammerd. Bib. Nat. i. 28. Rep. Ray Soc. Zool. 1847, Sli

GLOSSOPORID. 49

Hirudo medicinalis, Linn. Syst. x. 649, xii. 1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 505. Weser in Amen. Acad. vii. 45. Mill. Verm.i. i. 37 ; Zool. Dan. Prod. 219. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.36. Turt. Gmel.iv.68. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Stew. Elem. ii. 356. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 69 (1812). Watson, Disp. inaug. de Hirudine, 12. Blumenb. Man. 244. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 29. Bojanus in Journ. de Phy- sique, Ixxxviii. 468 (1819), pl. f. 1-5. Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 291; 2Qde édit. v.520. Stark, Elem. ii. 143. Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. 1.451. pl. 26. Home, Comp. Anat. iv. pl. 39. £.3; ibid. 11. 70. Ephem. Acad. Leop. cent. viii. 338. tab. 5. f. 1-3. D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap.i. 47. Mogq.-Tandon, Monogr. 327. pl. 7-11. f. 1-18. Payraud. Annel. et Mollusq. de Corse, 17. Jones, An. Kingd. 191. Christison, Edin. Disp. 488. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 465. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 26. pl. 3. f. 11.

Sanguisuga medicinalis, Savig. Annel. 114. Encyclop. Brit. xi. 225. pl. 176. f. 14. Risso, ? Europ. Mérid. iv.428. Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 13.

La Sangsue, Lesser, Insect. Theol. ii. 181. Milne-Edwards, Elem. Zool. ii. 226.

La Sangsue médicinale, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 254. Cuv. Reg. Anim. illustr. Annel. 49.

Iatrobdella medicinalis, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 561, Atlas Hirudin. f. 4, et tab. sec. f. 1. Egidy, Bluteg. 113. f. 62, 63.

Medicinal Leech, Kurzmann in Lond. Med. & Physic. Journ. xli. 312 (1819). Fremond in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vii. 431.

Hab. Lakes and ponds.

Obs. There is a series of granules, on a raised line, across the middle of every segment. Mr. Bowerbank has given an elaborate description of the cocoon in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. 301. pl. 18, fig.omn. The only British specimens I have seen are those in the Museum Collection ; and they may be referred to the variety chloro- gastra of Moquin-Tandon. The specimen (4) from Weymouth is manufactured I know not how. It has the shape of a Glossiphonia. When let fall in a plate the sound made is like that which a stone of the same size would produce, and suggests a passing suspicion that the body may be fossil. Its real character is disclosed by an exami- nation of the eyes more especially.

(a) Christchurch, Hants, J. C. Dale.

(2) Weymouth, W. Thompson.

Tribe II. CLEPSINEA, Grube. Fam. V. GLOSSOPORIDA.

Obs. These are small and neat leeches, usually so transparent as to permit the disposition of the viscera to be seen without any dis- section. They are further distinguished, Ist, by having a cylindrical proboscis capable of being extruded at will from the oral aperture ; 2nd, by being more strictly geometric in their mode of progression than other leeches, and capable of contracting the body into a ball

E

50 GLOSSOPORID.

when alarmed almost as completely as the wood-louse ; and 3rd, by carrying the young attached to the belly for a considerable time after their birth. The ova are not enclosed in a capsule. —

9. GLOSSIPHONIA.

Glossiphonia, Johnson on the Med. Leech, 25 (1816). Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 352. Glossopora, Johnson’s Furth. Observ. 48. Clepsine, Savig. Syst. Annel. 118. Cuv. Reg. An. iii. 216. Mueller de Hirud. Berol. 13.17. De Filippi in Ray Soc. Rep. 1845, 286. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 446. Glossobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 262, lvii. 564. Char. Body oval or pear-shaped, extensile, convex dorsally, flat on the ventral surface, crisp and firm or gelatinous, of many equal narrow rings, the sexual pores between the 20th and 21st, and between the 24th and 25th: oral sucker small, with a semi-elliptical protruded lip formed of three segments, the front segment obtuse : mouth circular, furnished with a cylindrical proboscis: eyes distinct, variable in number, in pairs on each side of the mesial line: segments ternate: anal sucker attached in the middle, proportionably small, inferior: vent round. Tenants of pure fresh waters. Incapable of swimming. Do not voluntarily leave the water. Oviparous, depo- siting the ova on the concave belly, or on subaquatic bodies. For an account of their development see Grube’s ‘‘ Untersuchungen iiber die Entwicklung der Anneliden.’’ Konigsberg, 1844.

1. G. tessellata, soft and gelatinous, widening posteriorly, greyish- green, with from two to six series of yellowish dots along the back ; head indistinctly defined ; eyes 8, in two series converging forwards. Length 18'"; breadth 5!"

Hirudo tessulata, Mull. Verm. i. 1. 45; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. John- son, Med. Leech, 33. Fleming in Wern. Mem. iii. 400.

Erpobdella tessulata, Flem. Phil. Zool. i. 604. W. Thompson in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 437.

La Sangsue marquetée, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 261.

Ichthyobdella tessellata, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 558.

Erpobdella vulgaris, var. tessellata, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 564.

Pee oee tessulata, Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 21. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 447.

Glossiphonia tessellata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 379.

Hirudo tessellata—the chequered Leech, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 38. pl. 4. f. 24-30.

Hab. Weedy ponds. Obs. A fine species remarkable for its gelatinous consistency. The dorsal surface is roughish, with minute sharp granules. The

GLOSSIPHONTA. 5]

margins are crenulate. When contracted the body is almost round, the head forming a short apiculus. Gregarious. (a) Holy-Island Lough, Dr. Johnston.

2. G. verrucata, subcartilaginous, ovato-elliptical, scarcely narrowed in front, the back with six rows of prominent granules ; acephalous ; eyes 6, in three parallel pairs; ventricular appendages seven pairs, the posterior terminating between the first and second pairs. Length 14",

Clepsine verrucata, Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 23.

Hab. Ponds.

Oés. The original colour of the specimens is discharged by the spirits, and they have become ochre-yellow with pale brown lines, on which the whitish tubercles are placed. These are in six nearly equidistant rows, the granules of the middle rows being rather less than those of the dorsal and marginal. The eyes I cannot distin- guish: they have sunk from the contraction of the rmgs produced by the spirits in which they have been killed.

(a) Cobham, Surrey, Mus. Leach.

3. G. granifera, subcartilaginous, dilated posteriorly, granulous on both surfaces, the sides thickened and marginate on the ventral aspect ; eyes 6, the anterior pair approximate. Length 10!".

Hab. Ponds.

Obs. Differs from every described species in having a thickened raised margin on each side which extends along about two-thirds of the body. The granules also are not disposed in longitudinal series, but cover the entire body, there being a series across each segment. The granules are rather less than those of G. verrucata. The eyes are distinct.

(a) ? Mr. Joshua Alder, who does not recollect from what locality the specimen was procured. It is probably a native of the Northumberland lakes.

4. G. sexoculata, crisp and subcartilaginous, pear-shaped, greyish- green, lineated, and marked on each side of the mesial line with a dark fascia studded with equidistant whitish granules ; acephalous ; eyes 6, in two subparallel rows; six pairs of ventricular appen- dages, the posterior pair terminating between the second and third pairs. Length 8!; breadth 2-3!".

A small sort of Leech, Baker, Employm. Micros. 415.

Hirudo ecomplanata, Linn. Syst.x.650, xu.1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Mill. Verm. i. ii. 47; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Turt. Gmel. iv. 69. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Ure’s Rutherglen, 233. Stew. Elem. ii. 357. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72 (1812). Dalyell, Pow.

Creat. 11. 30. pl. 4. f. 1-16. E 2

52 GLOSSOPORID&.

Hirudo crenata, Shaw in Linn. Trans. ii. 320. pl. 29*. Turt. Gmel. iv. 71. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71 (1812).

Glossrphonia tuberculata, Johnson on Med. Leech, 25.

Glossopora tuberculata, Johnson, Furth. Obs. 49. pl. 17. f. 1-10. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 482.

Erpobdella complanata, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 296; 2de édit. v. 528. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235.

Clepsine complanata, Savig. Annel. 120. Risso, ? Europ. Mérid. i. 431. Muell. Hirud. Berol. 25. E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 377 (1845), pl. 18. £.9. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 452.

Glossobdella complanata, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 263, lvii. 565, Atlas Hirud. f. 1.

Glossopora complanata, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 604.

Erpobdella crenata, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235.

Clepsina complanata, Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 14. pl. fee a9

Glossiphonia sexoculata, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 354. pl. 12, fig. omn.

Hab. Lakes, ponds, and rivulets: common. (a) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston.

5. G. heteroclita, subcartilagious, flattened, diaphanous, pear- shaped, acephalous, yellowish, the margins scarcely crenate ; eyes 6, the first pair approximate. Length 5!"

Un Ver plat et blane, Trembley, Polyp. 147. pl. 7. f. 7.

Hirudo heteroclita, Linn. Syst. xii. 1080; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 34.

Hirudo hyalina, Mill. Verm. i. 1.49; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Stew. Elem. 11. 357. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 728. tab. 32. f. 11.

La Sangsue hyaline, Blainv. Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 263.

Glossobdella hyalina, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 565.

Clepsina hyalina, W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. 437. Brightwell in ibid. 1x. 15. pl. 1. f. 20.

Clepsine hyalina, Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 27. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 453.

Glossiphonia heteroclita, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 358. pl. 13. f. 1-6. Hab. In lakes, hiding in the leaves of aquatic plants. Obs. The back is sometimes speckled with blackish dots. Very

sluggish. Attaches the ova to its own abdomen. Not the young of the preceding.

6. G. bioculata, subcartilaginous, oblong, narrower in front, ace- phalous, greyish-white with black specks; eyes 2. Length 8!"; breadth 2".

Hirudo stagnalis, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506; Syst. xii. 1079.

Turt. Gmel. iv. 69. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71 (1812). Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 36. pl. 4. f. 17-23.

* Kirby had G. dioculata in view in his description, which Shaw illustrated with a good figure of G. sexoculata.

GLOSSIPHONIA. 53

Hirudo bioceulata, Mull. Verm. i. u. 41; Zool. Dan. Prod, 220. Stew. Elem. ii. 357. ~Ure’s Rutherglen, 234. Hirudo crenata, Kirby in Linn. Trans, ui. 318. Glossiphonia perata, Johnson on Med. Leech, 26. Glossopora punctata, Johnson, Furth. Obs. 50. pl. 17. f. 11-13. Erpobdella bioculata, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 296; 2nd edit. v. 528. Clepsine bioculata, Savig. Annel. 119. Muell. Hirud. Berol. 31. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 448. La Sangsue bioculée, Blainv. Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 265. La Sangsue pulligére, Blainv. lib. cit. 266. Glossobdella bioculata, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 565. Glossopora bioculata, Flem. Phil. Zool. 1. 604. Erpobdella stagnalis, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Clepsina stagnalis, Brightwell in Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 14. Glossiphonia bioculata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 366. pl. 13. f. 16-26. Hab. Lakes, ponds, and ditches : common. _(a) Holy-Island Lough, Dr. Johnston.

Of the following species I have seen no specimens :—

7. G. flava, flattish, dilated backwards, yellow; the head lanceolate or “trout-shaped ;”’ eyes 2, black. Length 14!". ae Hel was Yellow Leech, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 45. pl. 5. Hab. Ponds: rare. Obs. ‘This is one of the few Leeches which we are enabled to distinguish by the form of the head.” Margins slightly crenated.

The colour is either very vivid yellow or dusky, and there are some- times four rows of yellow spots down the back.—Dalyell.

8. G. circulans, oblong, narrowed forwards, the dorsal surface red- dish, flat and pale underneath ; eyes 2. Length 1". Hirudo circulans, Johnson on the Med. Leech, 27. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72 (1812).

Glossiphonaia circulans, Moqg.-Tandon, Monogr, 384. Clepsine Sowerbyi, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 451.

Hab. Ponds.

9. G, vitrina, nearly cylindrical, dark green, with two indistinct whitish longitudinal series of spots on the dorsum ; eyes 8, in two parallel series. Length 1.

Nephelis tesselata?, Brightwell in Ann, 5; Mag. Nat. Hist. xui. pl. 1. f. 15-17. Hirudo vitrina, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 42. pl. 5. f. 20-23.

Hab, Rare. In rivers and pools.

Obs. “Like the tessulata, the substance is tremulous, though to a slighter degree than in that animal.” —Dalyell,

54 GLOSSOPORID®.

10. G. eachana, body oval; anterior portion not dilated into a distinctly-formed head; back smooth; margin slightly crenulate ; eyes 8; stomachal lobes 8, subpinnate; prevailing hue hyaline. Length 9!"; breadth 2’.

Glossiphonia eachana, W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 390, fig. Hab. Lough Neagh, W. Thompson.

11. G.? lineata, elongate, greyish, the back marked in a longitu- dinal direction with four dark lines ; eyes 6, in two transverse series,

the front larger than the hinder ones. Length 16'; breadth DLP

Hirudo lineata, Mill. Verm. i. 1. 39; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. John- son on Med. Leech, 34. Fleming in Wern. Mem. iii. 400. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 264.

Erpobdella lineata, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 604.

Glossobdella lineata, Blainv. Dict. li. 565.

Glossiphonia? lineata, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 381.

Clepsine lineata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 455.

Hab. Marshes: rare.

Obs. This is placed by Diesing among the “ species inquirendee,”’ and is of uncertain genus.

Order IV. SCOLOCES.

ANNELIDES ABRANCHES SETIGERES, Cuv. Reg. Anim. iu. 209.

ANNELIDES LUMBRICIN&, Savig. Syst. Annel. 99.

LomsericinEs, Blainv. Princip. d’ Anat. Comp. i. tab. 7 (1822).

LomsricinI, Latr. Fam. Nat. 246.

Lumpricina, Macleay in Murchison’s Silurian System, 1. 699 (1839); and in Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. 385.

ANNELIDES TERRICOLES, Audouin & Milne-Edwards, Litt. de la France, ii. 50; and in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de édit. v. 513.

ABRANCHIA SETIGERA, Fleming in Encyclop. Brit. 7th edit. xi. 222.

ANNELIDA TERRICOLA, Jones, Anim. Kingd. 189. 201.

ANNELIDES TERRICOLES OU ABRANCHES SETIGERES, Milne- Edwards, Elem. Zool. 2de édit. 11. 225.

Sco.eipes, W.-Edwards sec. E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. vin. 134 (1847).

OuicocHaeta, Grube, Fam. Annelid. 27.

Char. Body vermiform, distiuctly segmented, the segments with- out any soft appendage, but furnished with spines or spinets or seta- ceous bristles partially retractile: head either undefined or marked by its form, without any appendages: mouth inferior, emaxillary : no external organs of respiration : blood red, yellow, or rarely colour- less: anus terminal: sexual pores in pairs, placed forwards on the venter on each side of the mesial line. Terricolous, dwelling in moist earth or in mud saturated with water, which they swallow and from which they extract their food. Hermaphroditical. Oviparous or multiplying by spontaneous division. Capable of reproducing amputated portions. No metamorphosis. A few excrete a phos- phorescent fluid ; and the skin of a few is iridescent. The bristles are always simple, and solitary or fasciculate.

The following is a synopsis of the British genera :—

Tribe I. LumBRIcINA.

Head indistinct : all the segments, excepting the first, armed with sete. Family I. LUMBRICIDA. Terrestrial or burrowing in the mud

covered with fresh water. 1. Lumbricus. Setze single, § to each segment, quadriserial.

a6 SCOLOCES.

2. Enchytreus. Setee quadriserial, 3-4 in a fascicle : blood colour- less. 3. Senuris. Setze quadriserial, 3-9 in a fascicle: blood red.

Family II, LITTORELES. Littoreal, burrowing in wet mud mixed with sand.

4. Clitellio. Setee quadriserial, fasciculate: the body with a white clitellus.

5. Valla. Segments armed with setaceous bristles in four fasciculate series ; the 10th segment with strong spines.

Tribe II. Narpina.

Head distinct from the body, the first three or four segments without bristles.

Family III. NAIDES. The only family.

* The four front segments without superior sete. . Proto. Anal extremity with digitiform (branchial?) appen- dages. . Stylaria. Oral extremity produced into a style. . Serpentina. Ophiocephalous: anal extremity naked. . Nais. Head continuous with the body: oral extremity truncate, the anal rounded, obtuse.

fr)

mo an

** All the segments without superior sete.

10. Chetogaster.

wr “NI

IV. SCOLOCES.

I. LUMBRICINA.

Fam. I. LUMBRICIDA.

Lumsricus, Linn. Syst. 1076. Mill. Verm. i. 1. 24. Les Lomprics, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 209.

Les Ecuturtes, Lam. An. s. Vert. v, 297. Lumprict, Savig. Syst. Annel. 100 & 103. Lumericina, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lv. 493. Eartu-Worms, Derham, Phys. Theol, 223 & 393,

Obs. Oersted has separated the Lumbricidz into two families,— the Terricole and the Lumbricille. The Terricole embrace the larger and fleshier, and hence the comparatively opake, species, which are further distinguished by the spines being solitary in their insertion, short, straight, subulate, and only a little protruded. The Lumbricillee-are subpellucid, living in the wet mud of rivulets or on the sea-shore. The bristles are two or more in a common insertion, hooked or subulate, and protruded to a greater length. The Terri- cole burrow in the earth and trail with difficulty along the surface ; but the more vivacious Lumbricille partly creep and partly swim. On a first glance these characters seem distinctive enough; but, I believe, it will be found impossible to sustain the separation of the families in practice.

In this tribe it seems necessary to distinguish three sorts of Bristles:—(1) the Spine distinguished by being tapered from an obtuse base to a point slightly bent (Woodcut No. I. fig. 1); (2) the Spinet by being slightly bent and pointed at both ends (fig. 2) ; and the Bristle proper (fig. 5) which is slender and setaceous like a hair. The latter are always fasciculate.

1. LUMBRICUS.

Lumbricus, Linn. Syst. x. 647. Cuv. Reg. Anim. iti. 209. Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 298. Schweig. Handb. 590. Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. lvu. 494, Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. 1.451. Dugeés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 289. Hoffmeister, Regenw. 4, Walliams in Rep. Brit, Assoc. 1851, 218.

Enterion, Savig. Syst. Annel. 103.

Char. Body vermiform, distinctly annulated, with narrow nearly equal segments, the first (head) small, lobe-like, retractile within the

58 LUMBRICID&.

second, and overlooking the wide circular mouth, which is furnished with a very short proboscis: segments furnished with eight spines and spinets in four pairs, two on each side and two on the venter :

No. I. <i

sexual orifices opening on the ventral surface of segments anterior to the clitellus: clitellus distinct, formed by the thickening and coales- cence of several segments: anus a longitudinal cleft in the small terminal segment. Blood-red: stomach muscular: oviparous, the egos capsulated : terrestrial.

1. L. terrestris, clitellus of six segments ; vulvee on the 16th; upper lip mammillate; second or buccal segment with two impressed furrows behind the snout extended from margin to margin; tail flattened, spathulate. Length 8-10".

8. The furrows on the second segment connected by a line thus |—|.

Lumbricus major, Mouf. Theat. Insect. 178. Raii Hist. Insect. 1. Vermes terrestres majores, Merr. Pin. 206. Karth-worm, S2bb. Scot. Illust. u. 3. 33.

Lumbrici terrestres vulgares, qui matutino tempore bini_conjuncti passim observantur, Dew-Worms Anglice dicti, Rad Hist. Insect. ui. Lumbricus terrestris, Willis, Oper. Omn. ii. 18. tab. 4. Linn. Syst. var. 8. 1076; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 504. Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2602; Verm.i. 11. 24. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 33. tab. 19. iO & edit. 1812, j iv. 63. pl. 20. f. 1. Turt. Gmel. iv. 58. Turt. Brit. Faun, 128. Home, Comp. Anat. iv. pl. 40. f. 4, & pl. 145, 146, 147,

LUMBRICUS. 59

148 & 149. Stew. Elem. ii. 354. Stark, Elem. ii. 141. Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. i. 451. pl. 26. Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. Atlas, pl. fig. omn. Blumenbach, Nat. Hist. Transl. 24). pepnicion in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 234. Garner’s Staffordsh. 331.

Ver de terre, Bonnet, Insect. ii. 212. pl. 3. Lyonnet in Lesser’s In- sect. Theol. i. 156. pl. 2. f. 3.

The Lumbricus or Earth-worm, Smellie, Phil. Nat. Hist. i. 99 & ii. 123.

Common Earth-worm, White’s Selborne, ii. 14 & 279; Edin. Phil. Journ. iti. 412 & ix. 409. Loudon’s Suburb. Horticult. 94. J. E. Gray in Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. 234. Loudon’s Garden. Mag. xvii. 212 (1841).

Lumbricus terrester, Blumenb. Man, 241. pl. fig. 7. Grube, Ann. 99.

Lumbricus terrestris norvegicus, Fabric. Faun. Grenl. 277.

Lumbricus maximus, Mus. Leach.

Lumbricus trapezoides, Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xv. 289 & 291. pl. 9. f. 13, 14 & 21.

Lumbricus herculeus, Dugés in Ann. des Se. Nat. sev. 2. viii. 21.

Lumbricus agricola, Hoffmeister, Art. der Regenw. 5. pl. f. 1. opt.

The Lob-worm or Dew-worm, Hofland’s Angler’s Man. 9.

The Earth-, Lob-, or Dew-worm, Stoddart’s Ang. Compan. 110. Younger on River Angling, 76.

8. Lumbricus festivus, Duges in Ann. des Se. nat. ser. 2. viii. 21. pla: f..6.

Hab. A loose rich soil, more especially a recent vegetable mould. Common everywhere.

Obs. The skin reflects a beautiful blue iridescence, more especially from the dorsal margins of the segments. The basis of the spines (as in most of our species) is of a clear brown (fig. 1) ; the spinets are colourless (fig. 2).

(a) Spring Grove, Mus. Leach.

(6) Hammersmith, Dr. J. EB. Gray.

(c) Berwick, Dr. Johnston.

{. (a) Berwick, Dr. Johnston.

2. L. minor, clitellus of seven or eight segments, on the anterior third of the body; vulve on the 16th segment; post-occipital segment unmarked with furrows; anal extremity roundish, not spathulate. Length 2-3".

Lumbrici minores, rubicundi, majoribus concolores, Razz Hist. In- sect. 11.

Lumbricus terrestris, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 504. Fabric. Faun. Grenl. 276 2

Lumbricus terrestris minor, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 33. pl. 19. £. 6 A.

Lumbricus pulchellus, Mus. Leach.

Lumbricus amphisbeena?, Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 293.

Lumbricus pygmzus?, Grube, Fam. Annel. 100.

The Marsh-worm, Stoddart, Angl. Comp.112. Hofland, Angl. Man. 10.

The Red-Head, Stoddart, Angl. Comp. 113.

The Red Worm, Hofland, Angl. Man. 10.

60 LUMBRICID&.

The Segg-worm, Hofland, Angl. Man. 11. The Peacock-red, or black-headed Red-worm, Hofland, Angl. Man.11. The Trout-worm, Prov. Hab. Wet gravelly ground on the sides of rivers and burns ; under the masses of confervee, &c. on the front of rocks over which water trickles; &c. Very common.

Obs. The skin is not iridescent, or only so in a slight degree. The segments of the clitellus are commonly so fused together that their number becomes conjectural. A favourite bait for the river trout.

(a) Devon, Mus. Leach.

(6) Hammersmith, Dr. J. EB. Gray.

(c) Berwick, Dr. Johnston.

3. L, viridis, body greenish, cylindrical, slightly tapered to the tail, with the clitellus near the centre; segments undivided by a line; vulvee on the 16th. Length 2".

Lumbrici minores virides, Razi Insect. Hist. 1. Lumbricus riparius, Hoffmeister, Art. der Regenw. 30. pl. fig. 4. opt. Lumbricus chloroticus, Grube, Fam. Annel, 99. Hab. Under stones in pasture fields and at burn-sides: often under the dried droppings of cattle. Common.

Obs. The body is more or less stained of a dirty green or moun- tain-green colour. The portion posterior to the clitellus is almost cylindrical even to the end, where it rather tapers than dilates ; and it appears to be not longer, and sometimes even shorter, than the anterior portion. It is a dull and inactive species, throwing itself into an imperfect coil when disturbed. The spinets seem to be pro- portionably less than in L. minor. It is rejected by the angler.

(a) Rhodam, Northumberland, Dr. Johnston.

4, L, anatomicus, clitellus of seven segments; vulve on the 16th ; second segment with abbreviate furrows confluent behind so as to

define a semioval or quadrangular space behind the head ; segments

dimidiate. Length 7".

Lumbricus anatomicus, Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 289 (1828), pl. 9. £. 17, 18, 23. Grube, Fam. Annel. 99.

L. caligiosus?, Dugés in Ann. des Se, nat. ser. 2. vii. 19.

L. lividus ?, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235.

Lumbricus communis, Hoffmeister, Art. der Regenw. 23. pl. fig. 3.

Black-head or Button-Worm, Stoddart’s Angl. Comp. 111.

The black-headed small tailed Worm, Younger on River Angling, 82. Hab. In meadows and in gardens. Common.

Obs. The portion of the body anterior to the clitellus is of a uni- form dull umber-brown colour, and the posterior portion is a pale orange-brown dusked with the contents of the intestine. There is very often no clitellus, nor is it ever so distinctly marked as in

LUMBRICUS. 61

L. terrestris. There are 7 or 8 segments in it, and 30 or 31 between it and the head. ‘The anterior segments are nearly as long as their diameter, dimidiate ; the posterior are numerous, short, with a single ring, and the anal is not more highly coloured than the others. They are all striolate. Much used for bait.

(a) Hammersmith, Dr. J. BE. Gray.

(4) Kelso, Roxburghshire, Dr. G. Douglas.

5. L. foetidus, body banded with alternate brown and yellow seg- ments. Length 2-3",

Duggs, Mouf. Theat. Insect. 278.

Lumbricus foetidus, Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. ser. 2. viii. 21. pl. 1. f.4. Grube, Fam. Annel. 99.

Lumbricus annularis, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 234.

Lumbricus olidus, Hoffmeister, Art. der Regenw. 32. pl. fig. 5. opt.

The Brandling, Hofland, Angl. Man.10. Stoddart, Angl. Comp. 113.

Brandling or Bramble-worm, Younger, Riv. Angling, 86.

Hab. Very old dung-heaps.

Obs. There are two abbreviate impressed lines on the second seg- ment behind the head. The clitellus is composed of six segments, and there are 26 between it and the head. The bands are most conspicuous on the posterior portion, which has about 64 segments, and is flattened. Exhales a disagreeable odour, of which it is diffi- cult to rid oneself. Much esteemed by the angler.

(a) Hammersmith, Dr. J. £. Gray.

(6) Berwick, Dr. Johnston.

(c) Kelso, Roxburghshire, Dr. G. Douglas.

6. L. tetraédrus, body quadrangular behind ; vulve below the 15th segment ; clitellus with 4-6 segments. Length 3".

Lumbricus tetraédrus, Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. ser. 2. viii. 17 & 23. Grube, Fam. Annel. 99.

Hab. Banks of ditches.

Obs. There is a single specimen in the Museum Collection, and it has no clitellus. The species is said to be of a dull brown colour, but the specimen in spirits is bluish-grey. It is of the usual form, but the part posterior to the clitellus is tetragonal, the dorsum as usual a little convex, the venter narrowed and flattened. Most of the segments are dimidiate. The first ten are narrow and nearly equal in diameter, when they are succeeded by four or five twice as broad forming a pseudo-clitellus, otherwise indistinctly defined. The segments posterior to this are narrow, equal, and about 100 in num- ber; the anal semiovate. Head obtuse, with a broad sinus on the second segment occupying about one-half of its length. Bristles geminate, on the angles. Vulvze on the 14th or 15th segment.

(a) Devon, Mus. Leach.

62 LUMBRICID.

7. L. putor, body cylindrical, slightly attenuated at either end: clitellus smooth, slightly projecting, reaching from the 25th to the 31st segment, seldom from the 26th or 27th to the 32nd, with longitudinal folds beneath, in which a pair of disks are often visible : vulva mostly inconspicuous, close to the suture between the 15th and 16th segments: lip small, transparent, truncate before, with a broad projection behind bisecting three-fourths of the first segment : no longitudinal fissures beneath. Number of segments 80-96.

Lumbricus putor, Hoffmeister, Ueber Regenw. 33. f.6. Grube, Fam. Annel. 99.

Hab. Under the bark of moist decayed trees, and in the sheaths of

the leaves of decayed marsh plants.

Obs. I believe this to be a common species, passed over as L. minor. My attention was not called to it until I saw Hoffmeister’s essay, of which, from my ignorance of German, I have not been able fully to avail myself. I have as yet seen only one specimen. The spines (fig. 6, 7) are readily seen, in pairs. Our specific character is a translation of Hoffmeister’s.

Of the following I have seen no specimens :—

8. L. phosphoreus, spinets mostly single throughout, tetrastichous ; vulyee on the 15th segment; clitellus with four segments com- mencing with the 13th; body somewhat flattened behind. Length ] 5M,

Lumbricus phosphoreus, Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. ser. 2. vill. 17 & 24. Grube.

Hab. Boggy ground.

Obs. The information on which this species is introduced is un- satisfactory. At the Meeting of the British Association at Cork in 1843, Dr. Allman exhibited “specimens of an annelid which he discovered some years ago in the bogs of the south of Ireland, and which was the cause of a luminous appearance. It was closely allied to the earthworm: when irritated, it gave out a phosphorescent light, which was also much increased when the animal was exposed to the vapour of alcohol. The light was of the peculiar green colour so usual in the phosphorescence of living animals. The Rev. F. B. Clarke had also found these annelids in the bogs of Connaught”’ (Trans. Brit, Assoc. 1843, p. 76). At a meeting of the Lit. and Phil. Society of Liverpool, Nov. 14, 1853, Mr. Henry Cox exhi- bited earthworm which was phosphorescent (Proceedings, no. viii. p. 57).

9. L, xanthurus, “of a bright red, the apical rings yellow.”

Yellow-tailes, Mouf. Theatr. Insect. 278. The Gilt-tail, Rai Hist. Insect. iti. Stoddart, Angl. Comp. 114.

ENCHYTREUS. 63

Lumbricus xanthurus, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. The Gilt-tail or Tag-worm, Hofland, Angl. Man. 10. Hab. “Found among rotten oak-bark, in old hot-beds and melon frames,’ Templeton.

Obs. Apparently some slight variety of L. fetidus.

10, L. gordianus, “of a pale rosy red.” Lumbricus gordianus, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Hab. “Common in cultivated sandy ground, where it is uniformly

found contorted, assuming the appearance of a very intricate knot.”’—Templeton.

11. L. omilurus. Lumbricus omilurus = Omilurus rubescens, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Hab. ‘Common in rich grounds, generally where docks grow.” —

Templeton.

Desc. ‘‘ Body long, contractile, cylindrical, with a compressed lanceolate apex, unfurnished with a belt at the position of the sexual organs, each ring with very small spines projecting backwards.” —“ I am not disposed to concur in the necessity of erecting this into a genus; but the characters separating it from the preceding species (L. lividus) are obvious enough. It is never larger than half the size of L. terrestris; and is of a bright reddish-brown, with the hinder part, or apex, very flat.”,—Templeton.

2. ENCHYTRAUS, Henle, 1837.

Enchytreus, Henle, Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 32; Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 432. Grube, Fam. Annel. 103.

Char. Body filiform, smooth, white, rather indistinctly annulated, the segments from 30 to 70, armed with short spinets only in four small fascicles, which are quadriserial: spmets 3 or 4 in a fascicle. Terrestrial, living in a moist mould. Blood colourless. No mus- cular stomach.

1. E. vermicularis. Lumbricus vermicularis, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2603; Verm. i. uu. 26. Fabric. Faun. Grenl. 277. Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 603. Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 421. Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. viii. 32 (1837). Lumbricus putredinis, Hardy in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, ii. 335. Enchytreus vermicularis, Grube, Fam. Annel. 103.

Hab. In the soil under the bark of rotted trees, in decaying leaves, and at the roots of decayed vegetables : common.

64 LUMBRICID&.

Dese. Worm an inch in length, filiform, narrowed at both ends, white, smooth and glossy, annulose, the segments longer than their diameter, most distinctly defined at the extremities. Head obtuse, semiovate; the mouth inferior, between the first and second seg- ments. Anal segment truncate, the vent round, wide and terminal. Spinets very short, proportionably stout, 3 to 5 in each fascicle. There is, on most specimens, a milk-white spot near the first third of the body, which seems rather to indicate the position of the stomach than to be a clitellus. The intestine is much convoluted and divided by strictures corresponding to those in the skin.

(a) Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston.

3. SHANURIS, Hoffmeister, 1843. Seenuris, Hoffmeister, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 432. Grube, Fam. 103.

Char. Body filiform, smooth, distinctly segmented, the segments separated by a simple line; armed with spinets only m four small fascicles, which are consequently quadriserial, a series along each side and one on each ventral margin: spinets slightly curved, from 3 to 9 in a fascicle, the segments towards each extremity having fewest: head a small conoid lobe: mouth between it and the second segment, eproboscidian: anus terminal. Blood red: no muscular stomach. Tenants of wet mud or sand.

* Freshwater. 1. §. tubifex, dorsal blood-vessel simple ; tubicolous.

Sommerwormes, Mouf. Theatr. Insect. 325.

Vermes minimi rubri aquam stagnalem colore sanguineo inficientes, unde vulgus dira portendit, Merret, Pinax, 207.

Vers qu’on trouvent souvent rassemblés en grande quantité au fond de Peau, Trembley, Polyp. 98, 99, 105 & 147. pl. 7. f. 2.

Vers qui se tiennent dans des fourreaux faits de boue, Bonnet, In- sectol. 11. 208. pl. 2. f. 9, 10.

Small red Water-worms found plentifully in the mud of the river Thames, Baker, Polype, 62.

Lumbricus tubifex, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 2605; Wurm. 102; Verm. 1.11.27; Zool. Dan. iu. 4. tab. 84. f. 1, 2. Bosc, Vers, i. 255.

Lumbricus rivalis?, Fabric. Faun. Grenl. 278.

Tubifex rivulorum, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 225; Qde édit. im. 676. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 497; Atlas, pl. fig. 5. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Schweigg. Handb. 590.

pias Polypus, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. y. 387-388 & viii.

20.

Senuris variegata?, Hoffmeister, De Vermib. 9. t. 1. f. 29, t. 2. f. 19,

20, 21; Ann. Nat. Hist. xii.432. Rep. Zool. Ray Soc. 1843, 510.

Hab. Common in shallow ditches with a bottom of fine mud, in

which the worm constructs an erect cylindrical tube for its: pro- tection. Gregarious.

SENURIS. 65

Obs. The worm is about one inch in length, and, in the water, appears of a deep red colour, but the immersed half is a pale straw- yellow. The skin is pellucid, and permits us to trace easily the course of the dorsal vessel and of the intestine, running tortuously from one end to the other, and making a twist in every segment. I have apparently seen only four spinets in the fascicles, and those of the ventral fascicles are longer than the others; but this requires re-examination. Oecersted says that the superior bristles are partly hooked and partly capillary, and the inferior all hooked,—-a peculiar structure, which would remove the species to another genus.

2. S. vagans, dorsal vessel simple ; body composed of about 50 seg- ments; 3 to 8 spinets in the fascicles; nomade. Length 6!’,

Lumbricus tubifex, var., Mill. Zool. Dan. i. 5. tab. 84. f. 3, a, 5, c.

Hab. In the soil under the moss on rocks over which water trickles.

Dese. Worm slender as a thread, filiform, incapable of shortening the body, reddish, the skin translucent and colourless, exposing the tortuous blood-vessel and intestine. Tlie sides are crenulate under a high magnifier. Head obtusely pointed. Anal segment truncate, slightly emarginate, the vent wide and terminal. The spinets are colourless, slightly bent, acute at the apex, and much shorter than the diameter of the segment: they are in fan-shaped fascicles, and the number is greater in the ventral than in the dorsal series.

(a) Near Berwick, Dr. Johnston.

3. S. variegata, dorsal vessel with lateral ceeca in each segment, forming a series of quadrangular spots on each side. Length io),

Vers longues aquatiques d’un brun rougeatre, Bonnet, Insectol. u. 6. pl. 1. f. 1-9. Mill. Wurm-Arten, 33 & 41.

Lumbricus variegatus, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2604; Verm. 1. ii. 26. Bosc, Vers, i. 255. Blumenb. Man. 241. Flem. Phil. Zool. u. 603. Johnston in Zool. Journ. in. 326.

Nais variegatus, Schweigg. Hand. 590.

Lumbriculus variegatus, Grube, Fam. Annel. 101.

Lumbricus teres, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 140. pl. 17. f. 10-12.

fab. Under dead leaves and in ditches, in wet places, or even in the water.

Oés. The most beautiful of its tribe, and readily distinguished by the character of the dorsal vessel which the pellucidity of the skin permits to be seen. The body is quite smooth, but under a high magnifier the sides appear finely crenulated. The extremities are frequently colourless. The spinets are very short, quadriserial.

66 LUMBRICID®.

** Littoral. 4. §. lineata, dorsal vessel simple, tortuous; segments about 40; anal segment sinuate. Length 6!'.

Der rothe Wurm, Mill. Wurm-Arten, 110; der Faden-Wurm, 118. fab: dt. 4, 3)

Lumbricus lineatus, Mill. Verm. i. 1. 29; Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2606. Fabric. Faun. Grenl. 278.

Nais littoralis, var., Mill. Zool. Dan. tab. 80. f. 1-4.

Saenuris lineata, Grube, Fam. Annel. 103.

Hab. In wet gravel or sand on the shore where the water is brackish.

Desc. Worm slender, slightly narrower at both ends, of a reddish colour to the naked eye, smooth, the sides neatly crenulated. Seg- ments about equal in length to their diameter. Anal segment obtuse, deeply sinuate, mutable in form, for the little prominences which bound the sinus can be expanded or shut at pleasure. Spinets in four series, equidistant, from two to four in each fascicle, short, curved like an italic /; and sharp at the apex.

(a) Ferne Isles, Northumberland, Dr. Johnston.

4, CLITELLIO*. Clitellio, Savig. Syst. Annel. 104. Grube, Fam. Annel. 103.

Char. Body filiform, smooth, distinctly annulated, pellucid, with a clitellus on the anterior third, and a pair of mammiform protrusile processes on the venter of one of its segments: head or first segment obtusely conical: mouth inferior: spinets uniform, in four series. Littoral.

No. I1.—Clitellio arenarius.

a. Worm of the natural size. 6. Anterior portion magnified. c. A view of the ventral surface of the ninth ring, to show the mammiform process. d. The anal segments. e. Bristles magnified.

* Agassiz writes it “ Clitellis,”’ and says it was established in 1817.

CLITELLIO.— VALLA. 67

1. C. arenarius. (Fig. No. II.)

Lumbricus arenarius, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod.no. 2614. Fabric. Faun. Grenl. 280. Lumbricus lineatus, Johnston in Zool. Journ. ii. 329; and in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 259. f. 24. Lumbricus littoralis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 139. pl. 17. f. 17, 18. Clitellio arenarius, Savig. Annel. 104. Hab. Between tide-marks in wet gravelly places, common.

Desc. Body 13 inch long, or, when extended, nearly 3 inches, slender, slightly narrowed towards each extremity, of a fine pellucid red colour, or clear white, marked longitudinally with the red zigzag vessel, and often blotched with white and dusky spots from the in- terranea. Head pointed, the mouth in a sinus underneath. Seg- ments longer than their diameter, bulged a little in the middle where the fascicles of spinets are inserted. Spinets very short, not half the diameter of the body, colourless, curved like an italic /; there are two only in the front and anal segments, and four where most deve- loped (No. I. fig. 3). On the ventral surface of the 8th or 9th seg- ment there is a pair of mammiform bodies surmounted with a minute tubular pap (penis); and this and the two or three adjoining seg- ments are white and thickened so as to constitute a clitellus. Anal segment emarginate. There is a blood-vessel on each side of the intestine. When contracted the sides of the worm are minutely crenulate.

(a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Jonnston.

5. VALLA.

Char. Lumbriciform, the body acephalous, distinctly annulated, flattish on the ventral aspect : first segment pointed: mouth inferior : segments crenulate, armed with setaceous bristles (No. I. fig. 5) in four fascicles ; a segment (genital?) among those of the anterior portion of the body furnished with stout spines (No. I. fig. 4) in two fascicles : anus terminal, naked. Littoral*.

No. Il].—Vailla ciliata.

a. Worm of the natural size. b. Anterior portion. c. Middle portion of body magnified.

* M. de Quatrefages would place this genus among the Annélides errantes, pro- bably in the family Ariciade.—Souv. d’un Naturaliste, ii. p. 436. F 2

68 ’ LUMBRICID.

1. V. ciliata. (Fig. No. III.) Lumbricus ciliatus, Miill. Verm. i. ii. 30. Lumbricus capitatus, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vin. 258. f. 23. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 138. pl. 17. f. 8, 9. Lumbricus littoralis, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iii. 328. Hab. The sea-shore in wet gravelly places.

Desc. This resembles a small earth-worm, 3 inches long, capable of extending itself to about 6, when the body becomes as slender as a sewing thread. It is not marked with a tortuous central blood. vessel; and is of a diffused red or reddish-brown colour mixed with the usual yellowish tint behind, and rendered dusky about the middle from the interranea. ‘The ventral surface is slightly flattened. The head is narrow, and forms an elongated cone; but otherwise the anterior portion is always thickest; the remainder of the body is filiform, and becomes distinctly indented towards the posterior ex- tremity. The head is partially retractile within the second segment. The first ten segments are broader but shorter than the succeeding, the 10th armed with several strong spines in two fascicles; the spines straw-yellow, faintly lineate near the base, cylindrical, with a slightly curved rather obtuse point (No. I. fig. 4). All the other seg- ments are furnished with four fascicles of bristles directed strongly backwards, two on each side ; and on the hinder segments they issue from small papille. The bristles are colourless, slender, flexible, straight or curved, the shaft cylindrical, a little thickened near the middle, whence it tapers to an acute point (fig. 5). They are most numerous on the anterior segments, which have from twelve to fifteen in each fascicle ; the middle segments eight or nine; and the hinder not more than four or five. Anal segment small, cordate or somewhat lobed, with the vent between the lobes.

(a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston.

The following species cannot be classified until they have been re-examined :— Lumbricus minutus. Lumbricus minutus, Johnston in Zool. Journ. i. 328.

Lumbricus rufescens. Lumbricus rufescens, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iii. 327.

Lumbricus? Clitellio? pellucida.

Lumbricus? Clitellio? pellucida, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vil. 131. f. 27 = Clitellio minutus, Templeton in ibid. ix. 235.

Lumbricus hirsutus. Lumbricus hirsutus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 140. pl. 17. f. 13-16.

NAIDES. 69

iH. NAIDINA,

Narpina, Ehrenberg in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de édit. ii. 611. SomatotToma, Ann. des Sc. nat. vii. 101 (1847) & 189.

Fam. III. NAIDES.

Nats, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. xxviii.; Verm. i. ii. 20.

NarpeEs, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 211. Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 319. Williams’ Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 218. Oersted in Kroyer, Naturh. Tidssk. 1843, 131. Ray Soc. Rep. 1845, 282.

VERS HISPIDES, Lam. An. s. Vert. iii. 221.

Nats, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 497.

NaipeEa (—), Grube, Fam. Annel. 101.

Obs. The Naides are small pellucid vivacious worms distinguished from the aquatic Lumbricidee by the flatness of the segments, fur- nished with comparatively long setaceous bristles; by having the front segment conformed into the likeness of a head; and by the two or three following segments being without bristles. In these respects the Naides approximate some of the errant Annelides, and differ so much from Scoloces that it has been proposed to segregate them as an order in their class, to be named Somatotoma. They are all strictly lacustrine, living amidst subaquatic plants, or, half- parasitical, within the shell of fluviate mollusca. They creep about actively, and can even swim. The bristles consist of spinets forked at the apex, and of setaceous bristles, always collected in small fas- eicles. The family is zoophagous; probably oviparous, but they multiply easily by spontaneous division.

6. PROTO, Oken, 1815.

Proto, Oersted in Kroyer Naturh. Tidssk. 1843, 133. Dero, Grube, Fam. Annel. 105.

Char. Body furnished at the posterior extremity with from six to ten digitiform appendages: no eyes.

1. P. digitata. Length 5'”.

Nais digitata, Mill. Verm. i. ii. 22. Wurm. 90. tab. 5. f.1-4. Turt. Gmel. iv. 91; Brit. Faun. 137. Stew. Elem. i. 391. Bosc, Vers, 1. 239. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 498, Atlas, pl. fig. 1.

Proto digitata, Oersted in lib. cit. 133.

Dero digitata, Grube, Fam. Annel. 105.

Hab. In the sandy bed of rivulets.

Obs. The evidence on which this species has been introduced into the British Fauna is unsatisfactory.

70 NAIDES.

7. STYLARIA.

Stylaria, Lam. An. s. Vert. iii. 223 (1816). Ehrenberg in Lam, An. s. Vert. 2de édit. iti. 612. Oersted in lib. cit. 133.

Char. Body linear, round, flattish in front: four first segments divided by a stricture from the body, and the first or head prolonged into a filiform appendage: eyes 2: superior bristles capillary, pro- truded ; the inferior forked spinets.

1. S. lacustris.

Mille-pied 4 dard, Trembley, Polyp. 144. pl. 6. f. 1. A very small and slender Worm, Baker, Employm. Microsc. 317. pl. 12. f. 24. Nereis lacustris, Linn. Syst. 1085. Réssel, Insect. iti. 477. tab. 78. f. 15 a, 16,17, 189, h, 4; tab. 79. f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 46. Nais proboscidea, Mill. Wurm. 14. tab. 1. f. 1-4; Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2649; Verm. i. 11.21. Turt. Gmel. iv. 91; Brit. Faun. 137. Stew. Elem. i. 390. Blumenb. Man. 246. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97 (1812). Blainv. Dict. lvii. 498, Atlas, pl. fig. 3. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 131. pl. 17. f. 6, 7.

Stylaria paludosa, Lam. An. s. Vert. ii. 224; 2de édit. iii, 675. Oersied, sup. cit. 133. pl. 3. f. 5.

Stylaria lacustris, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235.

Hab. About the roots of aquatic plants.

Obs. Length 6-7'"; segments 60-70; the middle ones nearly twice as broad as long, regularly decreasing backwards; superior bristles twice as long as the breadth of the body, the inferior unci- nate, with an incisure about the middle.

8. SERPENTINA. Serpentina, Oersted, lib. cit. 134 (1843).

Char. Body linear, round, not flattened in front: the head angui- form, with a produced lower lip: eyes 2: superior bristles subulate, the inferior forked or uncinate.

1. S. quadristriata.

Nais serpentina, Mill. Wurm. 84. tab. 4. f. 1-4; Verm.i. ii. 20. Turt. Gmel. iv. 91; Brit. Faun. 137. Stew. Elem. i. 390. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97 (1812). Lam. An. s. Vert. iii. 223; Qde édit. iii. 674. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 130. f. 26 & ix. 235.

Serpentina quadristriata, Oersted, Naturh. Tidssk. 1843, 134, pl. 3. f. 3. Rep. Zool. Ray Soc. 1845, 282.

Hab. In ditches amongst duck-weed.

Obs. The spinets (inferior bristles) have a globular swelling a little below the middle. The superior are geminate, subulate, and strong. Length of the body 16-18", composed of eighty to ninety segments : head marked with four dark transverse fascize.

NAIS.—CHETOGASTER. 71

9. NAIS.

Nais, Lam. An. s. Vert. iti. 222. Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. 1. 451. Ehrenberg in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de édit. i. 612. Ocrsted in lib. cit. 135.

Char. Body linear, subcylindrical, acuminate in front, truncate behind: head (= the three or four first segments) continuous with the body, not produced: eyes 2 or none: superior bristles capillary (sometimes uncinate), the inferior forked.

1. N. scotica, bristles shorter than the diameter of the body, fas- ciculate. Length 1". Nais lacustris, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 130. pl. 17. f. 1-5. Hab. At the roots of subaquatic plants.

Desc. “Length an inch; body round; extremities obtuse; the anterior smooth and cylindrical, the portion behind it provided with a double row of thin tufts of prickles, some of them composed of several bristles. The extremities contain the mouth, and the termi- nation of the excretory canal.” ‘The mouth seems a dilatable cylinder without a proboscis.” —Dalyell.

2. N. filiformis. Nais filiformis, Williams in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 182 & 263. Hab. Freshwater pools, abundant, Dr. Williams.

Obés. I cannot say whether this is a new species, or a Miillerian one under a new name. ‘There is no description.

10. CHAXTOGASTER,.

Chaétogaster, Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiti. (1826). O6cersted in Kroyer’s Naturh. Tidssk. 1843, 138. Zool. Journ. iv. 258.

Char. Body cylindrical, truncate in front: eyes none: mouth terminal, barbed underneath on the first segment: bristles all spinets

forked at the apex.

1. Ch. vermicularis.

Nais vermicularis, Mill. Verm. i. ii, 20. Turt. Gmel. iv. 91; Brit. Faun. 137. Stew. Elem. i. 390. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97 (1812). Lam. An. s. Vert. iii. 223; 2nde édit. iii. 674. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Duges in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 30 (1837), pl. 1. f. 21, 22.

Nais diaphana, Gruithuisen in Zool. Journ. v. 380.

Cheetogaster Limnei, Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xii. tab. xxix. f. 23.

Cheetogaster diaphana, Oersted, lib. cit. 138. pl. 3. f. 2,15 & 17.

Cheetogaster vermicularis, Grube.

Hab. Amongst Lemnee in ditches. Obs. Body cylindrical, hyaline, 10-12!" in length, of eighteen to

72 NAIDES.

twenty obsoletely defined segments, the two first twice as long as broad, the others not so long as their diameter: mouth wide : bristles twelve underneath the first segment, in the other segments there are eight of lesser size.

I have implicitly followed Oersted in his arrangement and defini- tion of the Naides, for I have not been fortunate enough to meet with a single species.

V. GYMNOCOPA.

Gymnocopa, Grube, Fam. Annel. 27.

Char. Body exannular, asetigerous, gelatinous, glauciform, with a series of compressed fins on each side: head distinct, tentaculated, with ‘‘a kind of bristles’ in the setaceous tentacula. Sexes separate.

Vascular system obsolete or very slightly developed. Swimmers. Marine.

Fam. I. TOMOPTERIDZ.

TOMOPTERIDEA, Grube, Fam. Annel. 95.

Char. Body elongated, elliptical, with compressed fins, little deve- loped or obsolete towards the posterior extremity: segments not numerous, and not divided by sutures. Head continuous with the post-occipital segment, furnished with frontal tentacula, and with very long lateral tentacular filaments, both containing a setiform portion : eyes 2: mouth ventral, edentulous. Fins or feet two-lobed, without bristles.

1. TOMOPTERIS, Lschscholtz, 1825.

Tomopteris, Grube, Fam. Nat. 96. Johnstonella, Gosse’s Ramb. Devon. Coast, 356; see also Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. xii. 150 & 199.

Char. The only genus.

1. T. onisciformis.

Tomopteris onisciformis, Grube, Fam. Annel. 96. Johnstonella Catharina, Gosse, Ramb. Devon. Coast, 356. pl. 25.

Hab. The sea-coast of S. Devon, P. H. Gosse.

Desc. “ Body 3 inch long, 4 inch in greatest diameter, flat, thin, as transparent and colourless as glass. Head dilated on each side into two lobes, which are flat, pointed, and leaf-like, extending late- rally to a considerable distance. Along the posterior pair are soldered a pair of excessively long, slender antenne, tapering to a fine point ; they appear simple unjointed filaments, directed divergently back- wards to a greater length than the body, and incapable of changing in direction. The basal moiety of their length is invested with a

74 TOMOPTERID&.

loose skin, which corrugates into folds. Eyes two, black, small, on the summit of the head, between the posterior lobes: a line of minute black specks runs down the middle of the neck behind the eyes. Body narrow at each extremity, widening in the middle, fur- nished on each side with sixteen fin-like narrow lobes, each of which bears at its extremity two oval branchial? leaves set on obliquely. The ultimate pairs diminish gradually, and are succeeded by a few pairs of rudimentary processes on each side of a slender tail. Vis- cera :—a simple, clear, rather wide canal running through the whole length, ordinarily parallel-sided, but sometimes constricted so as to form a succession of spindle-shaped divisions, which pass from the head to the tail in rather slow pulsations, like the dorsal vessel of a caterpillar. A thick cesophageal proboscis was once protruded from the mouth, of an obconic form, with a large somewhat four-sided orifice obliquely terminal. No other internal structure was visible, notwithstanding the perfect transparency of the animal.”’

«Three specimens of the Johnstonella have come into my posses- sion, all of which were dipped from the surface of the sea off the harbour of Ilfracombe, about the end of August. In a glass jar their motions were excessively vivacious; they swam with great swiftness by the rapid vibration of the lateral fins; so incessantly, that it was with the utmost difficulty I could examine them with the microscope. They darted through the water in all directions, across and around the jar; and when they rested, their translucency ren- dered them almost invisible. They soon died in captivity ; I think I did not keep one of them longer than the second day.”—P. #. Gosse.

«©The animal described by Mr. Gosse under the name of Johnsto- nella Catharina appears to belong to the same genus as the animal described by Eschscholtz in the ‘ Isis’ (1825), p. 736. t. 5. f. 5, under the name of Tomopteris onisciformis from the South Seas; and by MM. Quoy and Gaimard in the ‘ Voyage of the Astrolabe,’ 11. p. 284. t. 21. f. 21, 24, under the name of Briarea Scolopendra from the coast of Spain. Hermannsen has proposed to change the latter name to Briarea: Harry Goodsir calls it Briareus: and Mr. R. Ball writes it Bryarea. Eschscholtz and Quoy and Gaimard regard it as a mollusk ; the first referring it to the order Heteropoda, and the latter to the Nudibranchiata.

«Mr. Harry Goodsir, who found the animal abundant in the North Sea (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845, xvi. 163),”” observing the presence of ‘cilia fringing the bifurcated posteriors of the lateral extremity of its body,” decided that it could not be a mollusk.

‘Menke (Zeitschr. fiir Malac. 1844, p. 21) proposes to remove the genus to the Annelides ; more recent authors have considered it as a Crustacean.

«Mr. Gosse at first sight thought it might be a Brachiopod Crus- tacean, but thinks it has more affinity to the Annelides (p. 348), and refers it to that class in the Systematic Index.

« According to Eschscholtz and Quoy and Gaimard, the South Sea specimens are very much smaller than those found in the Mediter-

~

TOMOPTERIS. 7D

ranean: thus, Tomopteris onisciformis and T’. Scolopendra are most probably distinct species. Mr. Gosse’s Johnstonella Catharina is, no doubt, a synonym of the latter, since Mr. R. Ball records that Bryarea Scolopendra has been taken in Dublin Bay by Dr. Corrigan (Report Brit. Assoc. 1849, p. 72).”—Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist.

The Nereis phasma of Dalyell (Pow. Creat. ii. 260. pl. 36. f. 16, 17, & 11) is a second species, apparently, of this singular and beautiful genus. Sir John procured his specimens im the Firth of Forth at Newhaven, and on the Isle of May; and he thus describes the animal :—‘ This animal is towards an inch in length. It might be inscribed in a triangle. The head is forked or cleft, furnished with two long antennze issuing from the sides, between the roots of which, or somewhat behind them, are two black eyes, rather oval, and pro- bably compound. If the body is divided into segments, they are invisible from transparence. If so, the segments consist of a central portion, as the central part of the Nereis, and a long arm, an integral part towards each side, gradually shortening from the middle to the lower extremity, which is pointed. Towards this extremity they degenerate into mere stumps, which seem to be successively deve- loped as arms. Sixteen or seventeen of these arms were conspicuous in (one example), and fourteen or fifteen in (another). In some others were four or five or seven pair of limbs or arms. The extre- mity of the limb is cleft, and terminates in two portions like hollow walnut shells. To some of the artists the termination seemed a pencil. An intestinal organ traverses the whole length of the body.

“This animal is absolutely colourless; it can be distinguished from the water only when in particular positions, and under a par- ticular incidence of the light. It swims horizontally, and then partly by faint undulations. In this position the greater convexity of the back, and slighter convexity of the belly, are sensible. It always seeks the higher part of the water, near the surface, like the Medusee, keeping the antennee recurved. I sometimes believed that segments were indicated on the under surface; that the whole was crossed by wrinkles which were effaced on extension ; and one of the cleft extremities of the limb also seemed to move as if by a joint ; and the hollows of some contained a minute yellow body like an ovum. The animal is rather of a gelatinous appearance. It can be preserved with difficulty, from being liable to entangle itself in every foreign substance, and is easily mutilated in its struggles for libera- tion.” — Dalyell.

Order VI. ANNELIDES.

CHETOPODES (—), Blainv. Princip. d’Anat. Comp. i. tab. 7. sp. 177. ANNELIDES, De Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 99 (1847). ANNULATA APPENDICULATA POLYCHAETA, Grube, Fam. Annel. 26.

Char. Worms segmented, the segments forming a section of a cylinder or semicylinder, and furnished on each side with prominent lobular or wart-like feet armed with many retractile bristles of various kinds, in one, two, or three fascicles: head either distinct with organs of sense, or indistinctly defined with tentacular filaments on its crown or sides: branchize variously attached, usually combined with the feet, filamentary, foliaceous, or arbuscular, rarely obsolete or cutaneous : anus opposite to the mouth, terminal, and usually pro- tected with styles or lobules. Blood red or green, circulating in close vessels : respiration aquatic: zoophagous or geodephagous : the sexes separate or united in the same individual: marine or littoral.

It may be useful to give a brief explanation of the nomenclature employed.

The Bopy is the entire worm. The form is defined by familiar words, in general used in their common acceptation, but it is con- venient to call it Zwmbriciform, when it is nearly cylindrical, like the Earth-worm ; scolopendriform, when it is flattened on both dorsal and ventral surfaces with nearly parallel sides, like the Centipede ; and eru- ciform, when it is thickish in proportion to its length, and grub-like.

The body is formed of a specific number of Se@meEnts developed in longitudinal succession, and divided from each other by a plain suture. They are annular; and subdivided sometimes into rings by circular folds of the skin.

The SEGMENTS are szmilar when they resemble each other in structure generally ; and they are dissimilar when some vary from the others in any addition, or abstraction of organs.

The Segments are of three kinds more or less distinctly marked, —the cephalic,—the thoracic,—and the abdominal.

The Cephalic is that portion of the body anterior to the first transverse suture. It may be composed of three or more segments in a more or less intimate union, but the demonstration, however useful in theoretical, is useless in descriptive anatomy.

When the aspect of the cephalic portion is such that we cannot call it otherwise than a head, the worm is said to be cephalous (No. IY. fig.8) ; when it differs little from the other segments behind, and appears almost a continuation of them, it is swbcephalous (figs. 9, 11); and when there is no appearance of a head, and the front terminates abruptly, the worm is acephalous (fig. 10).

ANNELIDES. Gin

The Heap (fig. 8) has various appendages. There are usually one or two pairs of eyes placed on the dorsal aspect behind the

No. IV.

Se N

SSS = se SS 42 iS EP LAL 7 AN — —

oo ZI) VS B32 = LS > HE ROS EGe= PE Ss 4 = Es.

antennee. In the subcephalous and acephalous tribes eyes are gene- rally absent. They are always sessile, simple, and immoveable.

Antenne (figs. 8 a & 11 @) exist only in cephalous genera. They are soft, setaceous filaments, varying in number from one to five, and distinguished from the other appendages by arising directly from the head. They are usually jointed at the base, and are not retractile.

Palpi (fig. 8 p) are seldom found. They are also soft filaments, en- tire or jointed, and originate externally from the sides of the oral orifice.

Tentacula (figs. 8 ¢ & 9 ¢) are the soft setaceous or filiform non- retractile processes which arise from each side of the cephalic segments in pairs, and spread laterally. They are sometimes jointed ; often very long, and remarkably contractile in the acephalous genera.

The Mouth (fig. 11 m) is underneath the head, and is a round or transverse entrance to the cesophagus and intestinal canal. It has usually a plain margin. In the acephalous genera it is terminal and emaxillary, but occasionally furnished with external tentacles. In the subcephalous it is subterminal or ventral; and in the cephalous nearly terminal, looking forwards horizontally.

The Mouth in the cephalous tribe is almost always furnished with

78 ANNELIDES.

a Proboscis, viz. the cesophagus, or upper portion of the intestinal canal, in a state of protrusion. It consists of one or two segments, and is evolved at pleasure by a process of evagination. It is often armed with horny jaws in opposite pairs; sometimes roughened on the surface with horny prickles ; sometimes villose with soft papillee ; sometimes encircled at the orifice with soft papillee or short tentacles ; and sometimes plain. These modifications of the organ afford im- portant characters in classification.

The Thoracic Segments immediately succeed the cephalic or head. In the cephalous genera there is only one thoracic segment (fig. 8¢/) ; as is also the case in many of the subcephalous. From its position, I usually describe it as the post-occipital,_-a name to be preferred as implying no theory. It is remarkable for being naked,—that is, it has no soft appendages or setigerous feet, and constitutes, some- times, a sort of neck.

In the acephalous genera, and less markedly in some others, the thoracic segments are distinguished by peculiarities in their structure and appendages ;—they are more fleshy and contain the primary organs of life; and to them the Branchie (fig. 10 2) are limited in many genera. ‘They are readily enough defined.

The Abdominal Segments follow the thoracic and complete the body. They are more numerous than the cephalie and thoracic combined, more uniformly alike in their appendages, and liable to vary in their number, so that, as a character, number is here of no value, excepting in a few instances. They gradually lessen in size as they approach the posterior extremity ; and the last segment is called the anal. This has no setigerous feet, often no soft appendages, but more commonly a pair of soft filaments, called sty/es, project behind ; or a series of short papillee surround the vent, which is terminal and central.

The Segments are furnished with various appendages, which are precisely similar on each side, but modified more or less on different segments. Of these appendages the Foot is the principal, and with it the others are commonly combined.

The Foot is a papillary projection on the side of the segment for the insertion of the bristles. It also affords, in most worms, a basis of attachment to the Branchiz, and certain soft setaceous filaments called Cirri or tentacular cirri.

The Brancui# are the breathing organs. In the cephalous and subcephalous families they are attached to the base of the foot on the upper or dorsal side, either restricted to a certain number of seg- ments, or found on all of them. They vary much in form. They are either arbuscular, or semipectinate, or flat and veined, when their function is indisputable ; or they are filamentary, or squamous, or lobe-like, or merely tubercular, when the ascription of the function becomes arbitrary, or a deduction from the theory of homologies and degradation of organism. In many acephalous genera the Branchize are placed on the crown in beautiful tufts (fig. 10); and in all acephalous worms the function of the organs is never doubtful. They often combine a tactile with the respiratory office.

The Cirri are the tentacula of the body ; and we may call them,

= ANNELIDES. 79

in some genera, tentacular cirri from their similarity to the tentacula on the sides of the head. They are simple, soft, tapered filaments or papillary processes attached to the dorsal and ventral lobes of the foot, at or near the base. Their office appears to be tactile.

The Foot, properly so-called, is the papillary process, tubercle, or fold in which the Bristles are sheathed. When the process is single and undivided, the foot is said to be uniramous ; when it is divided into two lobes, it is d¢ramous (No. V. fig. 12). The upper division is called the dorsal branch, and the inferior the ven- tral branch. They are more or less apart,—sometimes so near as to coalesce, and not to be distin- guished-from the uniramous ex- cepting by the presence of two bundles of bristles, —sometimes so wide asunder that they seem to have no connexion. Of the latter the foot of the Nephthys is a good example (fig. 12). In thisfigure df is the dorsal branch, and vf the ventral branch armed with their long bristles ; 7 are the compressed lamellze attached to the foot; 47 are presumed to be the branchiee ; and ¢ is the inferior cirrus ; and, in this species (NV. longise- tosa), there is no superior cirrus. This interpretation of the organs appears to me erroneous. The function of the sickle-shaped process is entirely conjectural ; and surely the compressed lamellee are branchial, although undoubtedly the function is not confined to them.

Bristles.—There are four kinds of bristles connected with the feet, viz. the Spine, the Spinet, the Bristles properly so called, and the Hooklets. Other bristles which belong to the body will be noticed under the genera in which they occur.

1. The Spine (Plate III. fig. 1) is subulate and straight, tapering insensibly from the base to the point. It is always associated with the bristles, there being one, or at most two, in the centre of each fascicle ; and it is readily distinguished by being stouter and dark- coloured. It is not protrusile. Audouin and Milne-Edwards say that the base is placed in the bowl of a little cup ; but certainly this is not usually the case. The basal portion is lighter-coloured than the upper.

2. The Spinet is not in general so stout as the spine, neither is it dark-coloured. It is found only on a few feet in some genera, and in most is absent. It is associated with the bristles, and is known by being stiffer and stouter, and different in shape. The apex is forcipate (Pl. III. fig. 2), or forked (figs. 3, 3*, 4, 5).

3. The Bristles are simple or compound.

The simple Bristle is formed of a single continuous piece. It is always fasciculate. It varies much in strength and size and figure ;

80 ANNELIDES.

and two or more kinds are often found coexistent on the same foot. The forms may, perhaps, be reduced to the following :—

Capillary.—Slender, flexile and hair-like, as e.g. the coloured hairs of Aphrodita aculeata.

Setaceous, slender and tapered insensibly from the root to a sharp point (PI. III. figs. 6, 7).

Lanceolate, straight on the lower half, bulged about the middle, whence it tapers to a point sharp on both sides (figs. 10, 11, 13, 14).

Ventricose.—When the shaft is enlarged on one side (figs. 8, 9).

Tarsiform.—A stout bristle terminating in a point curved and sharp like a claw (figs. 17, 18, 19). This is common in the Aphro- ditaceze. It is somewhat grooved and denticulate on one side.

Spinous.—A stout bristle resembling the spine or spinet, but distinguished by being fasciculate (figs. 21, 22). It is more or less flexuose or bent like the letter / (fig. 23) in many subcephalous anne- lids; and is dark-coloured and straight in Aphrodita aculeata.

The compound Bristle is peculiar to the ‘‘ Annelida rapacia.”’ It is a bristle of which the shaft is broken into two halves by an imper- fect sort of joint. The lower portion is the shaft, and the upper the terminal piece. (See Pl. IV.)

The intermediate joint may be simply oblique with the edges approximate (Pl. IV. fig. 1), or separate (figs. 4, 5), or with the shaft and terminal piece attached merely by a point (fig. 11). Or the two pieces may be connected by a mortise joint (fig. 7), or by a variously formed socket (figs. 2, 9, 13).

The shaft is usually straight, smooth or serrulate, and a little enlarged towards the outer end. The terminal piece varies in shape like the simple bristle. It is acicular when it is straight and slender, and tapers to a very sharp point (PI. IV. fig. 7).

Tarsiform.—When it is elongated and slightly bent, and brought to a point, like the hind claw of a small bird (Pl. IV. fig. 1).

Falcate.—When the piece is short, and curved at the apex so as to resemble the mandible of a small bird (Pl. IV. figs. 2, 6, 12).

The British species are divided into the following Tribes :—

Tribe I. Rapacta. Animal-killers.

Body with soft appendages, generally disposed on the whole length of the body. Feet distinct, armed with sete, which are sometimes hooked. Head generally distinct, provided with eyes, antenne, a retractile proboscis, and often with jaws. Living on marine animals.

Tribe II. Limtvora. Mud-eaters.

Body with the soft appendages collected together at the cephalic extremity. Feet of two kinds, generally deprived of cirrhi, and armed with hooked bristles. Head not distinct, without eye-ten- tacles. Protractile proboscis or jaws. Eating mud and the dead animals and vesicles it contains.

81

VI. ANNELIDES.

I. RAPACIA.

ScOLOPENDR& MARIN&, Jonst. de Insect. lib. iv. 205.

SCOLOPENDRES DE MER, Rond. Hist. Poiss. ii. 74.

NEREIDES VAG&, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 113.

DorsiBRANCHES, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 197.

ANNELEIDES, Leach in Ann. Phil. xiv. 205 (1819).

ANNELIDES ANTENNEES, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vy. 302.

NorosBrancuia, Latreille, Fam. Nat. 238.

NereEIpINA, Macleay in Murchison’s Silur. Syst. ii. 699 ; and in Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. 385.

ANN. ERRANTES, Aud. & M.-Edw, Litt. de la France, ii. 27.

DorsiBRANCHIA, Griffith’s Cuvier, xiii. 7.

DorsIBRANCHIATA, Griffith's Cuv. Syst. Ind. lix. Jones, Anim. Kingd. 189 & 212.

ANNELIDES ERRANS OU DORSIBRANCHES, M.-Edwards, Elem. de Zoologie, 222.

ANNELIDA ERRANTIA, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 32.

ANNELIDES NEREIDE#, Savigny, Syst. Annel. 7.

Marico.a#, Oersted, Ann. Dan. Consp. 2.

Rapacta, Grube, Fam. Annel. 30.

Char. ‘ Body with soft appendages (cirri, branchize or antennee), generally disposed over the whole length of the animal, and not collected towards the cephalic extremity. Feet generally very distinct, armed with sete or bristles, which have very rarely the form of hooks. Head generally distinct, and provided with eyes, antenne, and a retractile proboscis, often with jaws.” —Milne- Edwards.

Obs. Organized for locomotion, this tribe of Annelides—the tyrants or the aristocracy of their race—wander abroad, and are in constant warfare with all around them. They crawl on the surface at a pace that varies in the species from extreme slowness to energetic activity. Many of them swim with ease; and others burrow in the wet sand of the shore. <A few construct tubes or cases for their residence, but these are not essential to the existence of the tenant, and can be vacated at pleasure. They are eminently carnivorous, with the ex- ception, perhaps, of the Ariciade, which may be geodephagous or feeders on putrescent matter. ‘The sexes are separate so far as is known; and the female is oviparous. The young undergo a certain

metamorphosis which tends to higher development of the organs. G

82 ANNELIDES.

Lost portions are restored with facility. A few secrete a luminous fluid, but an organ appropriated to the secretion has not been demon- strated. The skin is very generally margaritaceous or iridescent ; and this is occasionally the case also with the bristles.

1. General Form.—The Annelides have an elongated worm-like figure, which, in some genera, inclines more or less to an oblong or

a. Animal. 6. Head. c. Jaws. d. Rings.

oval. TheNereides offer examples of the vermiform species (No. VI.); the Polynoé, and, more especially, the Aphrodites, may be instanced as examples of the latter. The length is often considerable. On our shores species are to be found nearly two feet in length, and as thick as the barrel of a large quill; but in equatorial seas some attain the length of five feet with a diameter of thirteen lines.

2. Body.—The body is composed of narrow segments or rings (No. VI. fig. d), not caleareous nor even corneous as they are in the great majority of crustacea and insects, but membranous, and merely separated by a fold of still thinner membrane, such as we observe in many larvee and caterpillars, so that it is occasionally difficult to mark their exact limits. The number of the rings is in general very considerable, and proportionate to the length of the body, for the growth of this in length depends much more on the production of new segments than on the development of any one in particular. There are great differences in the number of rings necessary to com- plete maturity. In some Polynoé there are not more than from 20 to 30 rings; in Phyllodoce lamellata not less than 500. In the species which have few rings, as in Aphrodite and Polynoé, the number appears to be specifically limited, and the same in all the individuals; but in the MNereides and others nothing is more variable, and less to be relied upon as a discriminative character. This variety depends on age, on circumstances more or less favourable to growth, and on the effects of mjuries.

3. Head and Appendages.—The first segment forms a head more or less distinct (No. VII. fig.1). On the upper or dorsal surface of this head there are usually one or two pairs of black specks, believed to be eyes* (fig. 1, a). The head bears also usually a

* Blainville doubted whether they were eyes (Dict. des Se. Nat. xlvii. p. 210).

But Miiller believes them to be really visual organs, for they have nerves from the brain, the form of eyes, and are provided with a black pigment. He admits,

ANNELIDES. 83

certain number of conical or filiform appendages, which we distin- guish into antenne, palpi, and tentacula. The antenne are directly

No. VII.

attached to the head, and their insertion is always superior (fig. 1, 0 ; fig. 2, 6). The palpi are more connected with the mouth, and their insertion is inferior (fig. 1, 6 )*. The tentacula (fig. 1, ¢ c) are filiform organs inserted, in pairs, on each side of the head, and of the post-cephalic segment, when this is apodous.

4. Mouth.—In the Amnelides with a head obscurely defined, as, for example, in the Tudicoles, the mouth is usually terminal; but in all the cephalous genera it is on the ventral or inferior aspect. It is either a simple wide aperture, or it is furnished with a proboscis (fig. | and fig. 2, e, e), which can be extruded at the will of the. animal, although it is kept retracted and concealed in the state of quiescence. It may be considered as simply a portion or continua- tion of the alimentary canal. It is often armed with horny jaws

however, that they do not contain any transparent parts, and are not furnished with any optical apparatus: they are simple swellings of the optic nerves, sur- rounded with a black pigment, sensible to light, and enable the worm to distin- guish between light and darkness,—between places which lie in shade and those which are exposed to the glare of day; but not imparting the power of recog- nizing the shape, or colour, or texture of bodies.—Ann. des Sc. Nat. tom. xxii. p- 25. See also in favour of their being eyes, Bourjot in Microsc. Journ. i. p- 77; and Cuvier in Analyse des Travaux de ]’Acad. Roy. des Sc. 1828, p. 82, &ec. ; De Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. Nat. iv. (1845) p.178. But M. de Quatre- fages has found in some species, especially in Torrea vitrea, eyes that have a crystalline lens, a choroid coat, a vitreous humour, a transparent cornea, &c. ‘Some Annelida have other eyes besides those on the head. M. Quatrefages believes that he has discovered them upon the branchiz of the Sabellz, and he has no doubt that the red points which we find upon the sides of each ring in several Annelida of the genus Nais are true eyes ; there is, however, nothing surprising in this, when we recollect the very great independence existing between the various rings of which the body of these animals consists.”—Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,. Ser. 2. vi. p. 228.

* Audouin and Milne-Edwards call the central organs median antenne, and the palpi external antenne ; but our nomenclature does away with the adjective, and the structure of the organs would seem to indicate a difference in their functions.

G2

84 ANNELIDES.

(fig. 1, f) that indicate the power and cruelty of the species. No acephalous Annelid has jaws of such strength; and few have any organs of the kind. The proboscis is occasionally roughened with small horny prickles collected into clusters (fig. 1), or clothed with minute fleshy papille; and its orifice is either plain or encircled with tentacles (fig. 2, h).

5. Feet.—In the majority of Amnelides there is a foot on each side of every ring which is armed with bristles, and provided with certain soft appendages to which the names of cirri, branchize, and scales have been applied*.

The foot in general is composed of two parts or branches placed one above the other. These branches are sometimes wide asunder, and easily to be distinguished into a dorsal or superior (No. VIII. figs. 3, 4, @), and a ventral or inferior branch (4) ; but sometimes, on

No. VIII.

D

the contrary, they are intimately united, and appear to have coalesced in one (fig. 5)+. Each branch is provided with a brush of bristles (figs. 3, 4, 5, e), which the animal can protrude considerably from the outer or distal end.

The bristles are of two kinds,—the subulate and the hooked.

The subulate bristles are distinguished into bristles (festucze) properly so called (figs. 3, 4, 5, c), and into aciculi or spines (d). The former are either grouped in brush-like bundles or arranged in a fan-like series: their shape and structure are very variable. The spines are stouter than the bristles, always straight and needle-like, and deeper coloured. There is only one to each brush of bristles, and it is enveloped in a proper sheath.

The hooked bristles (uncinuli, No. X. fig. 9 6) are never met with on the two branches of the same foot: they exist only in the Tuédi- coles, and their presence is always coincident with a head indistinctly | developed or obsolete. They are disposed in one or two series, and occupy the margin of a transverse fold or of a slightly raised mamilla. Their arrangement in a more or less oval ring has given occasion to

* On the structure of the foot, see De Quatyefages in Ann. des Sc. Nat. x. (1848) 51.

t I prefer to call the divisions of the foot branches rather than oars, as Savigny and Blainville call them; for the Annelides ‘“ with reptile motion creep,” and do not swim except when placed in untoward circumstances. Oersted names the feet

“pinne,’’ and each has its “ pinna superior v. dorsalis,” and its “ pinna inferior v. ventralis.” —Consp. Ann. Dan. p. 5.

ANNELIDES. raf)

a comparison of them with the stigmata of insects, and they have been even mistaken for true respiratory spiracles; but it would be more correct to compare them with the hooked bristles that garnish the prolegs of caterpillars, and are subservient to progressive motion.

In most Annelides the feet are essentially the same in structure throughout the body. In those which have hooked bristles, the feet furnished with them are found only on a certain portion of the segments, atid the feet of the other rings are armed with bristles properly so called.

6. Cirri.—The cirri have often the form of long subulate fleshy ten- tacles (No. VIII. figs. 3, 4,5,e,f), but sometimes they are = No. IX. merely small compressed leaflets or papillary tubercles.

In general they are partially contractile ; and some have a ringed or moniliform appearance. The cirri of the anterior segments, in which the feet are obsolete or wanting, are, as has been already mentioned, called tentacular cirri, or simply tentacula. The anal seg- ment is equally apodous, and the cirri which issue from a its end are named styles (No. IX. fig. 6, a). 6

The proper cirri are usually two to each foot, originating near the base of each branch, and hence they are distinguished into the superior (figs. 3, 4, 5, e) and the inferior cirrus (f). The cirrus may arise, however, from the apex of the dorsal branch; and there are Annelides in which so many as seven pairs are to be counted on a single ring; but in these instances they represent all the other fleshy appendages. The cirri are almost always absent in the Anne- lides whose feet are coronated with hooked bristles; and also from those whose feet consist merely of a few bristles without any pro- tuberant papillary base.

7. Branchie.—The structure of the organs so designated permits, in some instances, no doubt to be entertained as to the functions they are destined to fulfil. Such is the case when the organ is in the form of a little crimson arbuscle, or in tufts or fan-shaped crests (fig. 9); but when it is a simple or a pectinated filament (No. X. figs. 7 & 8), or a nipple-like lobe, or merely a membranous tubercle, there is no organic character to distinguish them from cirri, and their function is less decided*. In‘number and position the branchiee are as variable as in their figure, and they are placed either on the head, or along the back, or along the sides, or at the tail. M. de Quatrefages arrives at the following conclusions as to the respiration of the Anne- lides :—‘* 1. Respiration general and entirely cutaneous (Lumbri- conereis).—2. Respiration cutaneous, but confined to certain seg- ments (Chetopterus).—3. Respiration cutaneous, but confined to certain points of each segment (Nereis).—4. Respiratory organ taking the form of a simple ceecum or bladder into which the blood

* Tt is true in general that the appendages of the anterior rings tend to take a dorsal position, and those of the posterior rings a ventral position. The branchiz are always superior to the other appendages of the foot, or dorsad ; and, in doubtful cases, the nature of the organ may be presumed from the position it occupies.

86 ANNELIDES.

flows (Glycera).—5. The branchia is characterized more and more by the formation of a canal in communication with larger or smaller

lacunee.—6. These branchize may be distributed all along the body (Eunice sanguinea).—7. They may be confined to a certam number of segments placed towards the middle of the body (Arenicola, Her- mella).—8. They may all be placed at the extremity of the body so as to form a double tuft (Serpula)*.”

8. Scales+.—The scales are found only in a few genera. They have always a dorsal position, and seem to occupy the place of the superior pair of branchial appendages rather than the superior pair of citri. Their texture is softish, and the margin is sometimes par- tially fringed with short filaments or fleshy cilia (No. XI.fig.10a@). In general the scales are placed over only such feet as are destitute of cirri, and alternate with these appendages,—an arrangement which has suggested the theory of their being modifications of the latter ; but the genus Sigalion offers an exception, for here the two organs coexist on one and the same foot, and supplies a fact to disprove the opinion of their being the analogues of the superior cirrus.

9. Suckers.—There is no instance of a species of Polypodous Annelid with a sucker either at the anterior or posterior extremity.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2. ix. p. 155. See also Williams in lib. cit. xii.

p- 393. : + Called elytra by Savigny, whose nomenclature is followed by Audouin and M.-Edwards,—but the term is very unsuitable. ‘‘ Savigny is of opinion that cer-

tain dorsal scales, in pairs, observable in two of the genera of his first family of Neréideans, are analogous to the elytra and wings of insects: this he infers from characters connected with their insertion, dorsal position, substance and structure, but not with their uses and functions; for, as he also states, they are evidently a species of vesicle, communicating by a pedicle with the interior of the body, which, in the laying season, is filled with eggs, a circumstance in which they agree with the egg-pouches of the Entomostracans; and, therefore, Baron Cuvier’s opinion, that there is little foundation for the application of this term to these organs, seems to me correct.””—Kirby’s Bridgew. Treat. ii. p. 145.

ANNELIDES. 87

It is true, that the body of the Clymene, a genus furnished with feet, is terminated posteriorly by a sort of concave membranous disk, in

No. XI.

the centre of which the anus opens; but it is ascertained that that disk, though dilatable, cannot execute the office of a sucker.

10. Anus.—The anus is inclined to the dorsal surface and looks upwards. Dr. Williams says—‘“ There exist other minor families of Annelids in which the terminal outlet of the alimentary system is not seated at the extreme end of the body, but at a point, at the side, more or less removed backwards from the head, resembling intimately the pattern on which that of the Sipunculide is formed*.”

The Annelides rapacia are the most complicated in organization of any of their class. As the ordinal name implies, they are a wan- dering tribe, and the locomotive apparatus is so much developed, that the species are enabled to creep with considerable quickness, and even to swim with facility. Some of them, as certain dAmphé- nomes, appear to be truly pelagian, and are only met with in the high seas; but the great majority dwell between tide-marks on the shore, where they find refuge and concealment under stones, or among corallines and sea-weeds. A small number burrow in the sand (Nephthys, Arenicola, &c.), in which they form a sort of sheath by a glairy secretion from the skin; and a few are truly tubicolous; but these furrows are not indispensable, and can be occasionally aban- doned without inconvenience. The greater number of the Order are provided with special organs of sense considerably developed ; and they have organs of defence in the shape of bristles of curious structure. All of them are inhabitants of the sea or its shore, and only a very few trespass on tidal rivers, not fearmg the influence of brackish water. None of them are parasites. Some species may frequently be observed watching in patient solitude, and ready to launch upon weaker worms, mollusks, or other animals on which they prey ; but none offers us any instance of the singular instinctive contrivances which surprise us in the study of insects. Several of

* Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, p. 220.

88 ANNELIDES.

them lose with impunity their exterior organs, and even considerable portions of the body, reproducing the lost parts in a short time under favouring circumstances. The anterior half will reproduce the posterior, and that will return the favour by restoring the anterior with the head and all its organs. But if the body is cut into several pieces, it has not been proved that the separated pieces can live, and become each a perfect worm.

In general the Annelides rapacia have a serpentine or myriapod form, but some are oblong or oval. The body is almost always ter- minated anteriorly by a distinctly defined head furnished, with few exceptions, with eyes, and with antennze,—a collocation of parts which is not met with in any other order of the class. Underneath the head, and at its junction with the first ring of the body, we find the mouth (No. X. fig. 7a), which is, in some cases, prolonged back- wards and buttressed by the feet. The proboscis is composed of one or two rings; it is very often armed with jaws, and not unfrequently the orifice is encircled with papillary filaments (No. VII. fig. 2).

There is a series of feet along each side of the body, having the form of fleshy tubercles, more or less protuberant. These organs are sometimes simple or uniramous,—sometimes bifid, with a dorsal and a ventral branch. The apex of the branch is always the outlet of a brush of bristles, which can be thrust out, and again withdrawn, to a certain extent at least, into the ring, by certain muscles appro- priated to that use. These bristles are sharp, rather firm organs, very variable in regard of figure and conformation in different genera , and each brush has a spine in its centre. In only a very few of this Order do hooked bristles occur, and when present they make a part of the ventral branch of all the feet ; while in the Tubicolee this uni- formity of structure is not observable,—nor in the Tubicolz is their presence coincident with the existence of cirri.

The soft appendages of the Annelides rapacia are, in general, numerous and well developed. The cirri are the most constantly pre- sent, disappearing indeed only in a small number of genera placed upon the limits of the Order ; but among the Tubicolz the Hermellze alone have them. Their usual form is that of a filament tapered gently to a point, and more or less contractile ; but in some species the cirri are compressed and expanded into leaflets or miniature fins. With few eXceptions there are two cirri to each foot (No. VIII. figs. 3, 4, 5).

The appendages which have received the name of Branchiz are often absent. In some genera they appear under the guise of mere tubercles or fleshy papillee, attached either at the summit or near the base of the foot; im-others they are pectinated filaments; and in others much-divided arbuscular tufts of a crimson colour. The scales, which cover the back like a series of tiles, are peculiar to a few genera of this Order.

These soft appendages are repeated in nearly unvaried uniformity along each side of the body, so that every segment is the same in its gear; but in some species the superior cirri, the scales, or the bran- chial tubercles, appear and disappear alternately from ring to ring.

ANNELIDES. 89

It is very common to find the first segment provided only with ten- tacular cirri, destitute alike of setigerous tubercles and proper bran- chize ; and towards both extremities of the body its appendages are either obsolete or less developed than they are near the middle. The anal segment has its appendages commonly reduced to a pair of ter- minal styles, which originate from each side of its aperture (fig. 6). Such are the most remarkable features in the external anatomy of these annelidans; but the bristles form so marked a character in them, and influence their habits so much, that it seems necessary to enter at length into a description of their peculiarities,—the more especially as they constitute the principal means of defence against the enemies that surround them. Some annelidans, when alarmed, such as the Aphrodites, instinctively contract the body into a sort of ball, bringing the head and tail into near contact ; and in this man- ner seem anxious to elude the danger. Others, that have a long vermiform body, wriggle and twist themselves with violence, as if they would frighten away the foe by their contortions ; but these are weak resources in comparison with the protection they derive from their panoply of spines and bristles. And it is curious to remark - that as these diminish in size and piquancy, and become better adapted to locomotion than offence, the worms, as if conscious of their defenceless state, forsake the nomade life, and seek additional security by digging themselves furrows for retreat in the sand and mud. Savigny was, perhaps, the first to notice that the bristles* are gene- rally capable of being retracted within the body of the worm, and of being again protruded at pleasure by means of appropriate muscles ; but he does not appear to have studied these organs in relation to their office of defence, nor has he given any figures sufficiently mag- nified to show how aptly they are fitted for this purpose. It was left to Audouin and Milne-Edwards to fill up this blank in the history of the Annelides, and we proceed to give their analysis of these icone salle ; é swe) Noe XT The Bristles are distinguished into spines (aciculi), er and bristles properly so called (festucze). | The Spine is of one kind only (No. XII. fig. 11). Itis | distinguished from the bristles by its central position and | its larger size. It is straight, conical, pointed, of a brown or blackish colour, and always a shade darker than that of the bristles with which it is associated. It is very rare to find more than one in each branch of the foot, and there are never more than two. Sometimes none can be discovered. The worm, say our authors, employs this weapon to give the “coup de grace’’ to the enemy against which it is directed,—the comparative shortness and stoutness permitting it to be used with a force and pre- cision which it is impossible to impart to the weak and Usb flexible bristles; and the comparatively blunt point IL making a wide wound. Each spine is composed of the shaft (a),

* See Oersted’s definition of the Bristles in his ‘ Annul. Dan. Consp.’ p. 5, and copy.

90 ANNELIDES.

and of the base or cupule (4). When the spine is forcibly torn away from its sheath, the cupule is detached, and remains adherent to the fascicle of muscular fibres in which it is implanted.

The Bristles are much varied. They may be divided in the first place into the simple and compound*. '

The simple bristles (No. XIII. fig. 12-21) are formed of a single piece only ; or if any are composed of several pieces, these are all of the same kind, and superadded to one another like the articula- tions of the filiform or setaceous antennze of certain insects, or rather like the joints of a Conferva (fig. 12).

The form of the simple bristle is very variable. Some terminate ia a more or less sharp point, either cutting, denticulated, or forked (figs. 13, 14) ; others are obtuse and rounded, or even enlarged at the extremity (figs. 15, 16). Some are of such extreme fineness, that they may more properly be called hairs than bristles (fig. 17).

No. XIII.

Such are the beautifully coloured metallic and iridescent hairs which garnish the sides and feet of the Aphrodites ; and in some species of this genus a portion of these long hairs is interlaced so as to form a sort of felted membrane to cover the scales and branchiz, and pro- tect them from injury. But the utility of such hairs, in other respects, is of a passive kind :—they may make the worm trouble- some to the palate of a foe, but they cannot be directed against that

* The figures of Oersted in pl. 1 of his ‘ Annul. Dan. Consp.’ are excellent.

ANNELIDES. 91

foe as weapons of defence, for which their slenderness and flexibility would render them of no avail. But we likewise find in the Aphro- dites, and in several other genera, certain smooth tapered bristles which are less numerous, not so flexible, nor so long,—sometimes even short and stiff. These can be retracted within their own sheaths entirely or in part; and they may be used, like so many needles, against any soft creature that offers umbrage or war.

The simple bristles of some Annelides are clavate (fig. 16), of which certain species of Lombrinera furnish examples. In the Pal- myres there are bristles compressed upwards, and in some degree spathulate (fig. 18). The dorsal branch of the foot of certain Nereides, and more especially the ventral branch of that of Aphro- dita aculeata, is furnished with bristles terminating in a sort of for- ceps, or a fork with unequal prongs (fig. 4), either smooth or serrated on the margins. In other Annelides, the bristles are channeled towards their points (fig. 21), the sides of the groove being serru- lated for’a greater or less extent. We find bristles of this kind in the Polynoés, which have the figure of a grooved = y XIV. probe; others which are pointed like a lancet ; and in Polynoé scolopendrina, this lancet-like point is bifurcated (fig. 15). There are other forms of simple bristles which will be illustrated in the descriptions of the species,—bristles imitative of stilettos, pikes, scimitars, and saws,—and indeed so various, that Man wonders, while he confesses the fertility of Nature in her delicate inventions.

The compound bristles are distinguished by being composed of two pieces, the point distinctly articu- lated to the shaft*. The shaft is the lower portion (No. XIV. fig. 22 6), which is always imbedded in the substance of the foot; and it is on the end of this portion that the joint is hollowed for the recep- tion of the external portion or point (fig. 22 a).

From the fineness of some of the compound bristles, more especially of their points, it must be evident that they cannot prove formidable weapons, for a slight resistance will bend the outer portion, and thrust aside the apex. There are, however, others which are stronger and more rigid, and can be made undoubtedly offensive. These are usually a part of the armature ofthe ventral branch of the foot. The shaft here supports a short point fashioned like a hedge-bill or chopping-knife (fig. 23); and it is probable that when the worm 22 has thrust this weapon into the enemy, or its prey, it is loosened from its connexion with the shaft, and left to fester in the wound. That this is the case with these, and some other bristles of analogous conformation, we may conclude the more

* Not articulated, but welded to. See Williams, Rep. Brit. Assoc. p. 210.

92 ANNELIDES.

certainly because of their exact resemblance, in miniature, to the different forms which the ingenuity of man has given to his instruments of warfare to render them more hurtful and deadly ; and man possesses none which are better adapted to their purpose than the bristles. with which certain Annelides are furnished. In fact, we can find no fitter instruments wherewith to compare the annelidan armoury, than harpoons, bayonets, lances, spears, and bill- hooks*.

The harpoon-bristle offers this peculiarity,—it is not always com- plete, and it appears to be produced sometimes only when No, xy. required+. If we figure to ourselves a very acutely pointed bristle marked obliquely by a cross line beneath, indicating the place of junction between the pomt and the shaft, we shall have a pretty exact idea of the reality (No. XV. fig. 24). The use of this novel weapon seems to be suffi- ciently indicated by its shape. It is evident that if the bristle is thrust deep enough into an opposing body so that the harpoon is wholly immersed, this cannot be again withdrawn on account of the hold taken by the reverted tooth. And as this connexion might prove inconvenient, if not dangerous, to the worm, when the enemy was equal in bulk, or more powerful than itself, it has the power of detaching the harpoon from the shaft, and keeping itself thus at freedom to act, and to renew the battle. Audouin and M.-Edwards have noticed several individuals that, from being apparently engaged in repeated combats, had lost all these weapons. Yet, though they were thus deprived of an essential part, the bristles were stil] formidable enough ; for as the harpoon breaks off at the joint in an oblique manner, the shaft is left with an acute sloped apex, against which no soft creature could press without danger of a severe wound.

The structure of the bayonet-bristles (No. X VI.fig.25-27) is more complicated. These are armed with a kind of pricker which is joied on to the extremity and side of the shaft in much the same way as a bayonet is fixed to the 24 end of a musket (fig. 25). This appendage is not only very sharp, and formed with several cutting surfaces, but it is incised below into a spine pointed backwards (a), which gives it the advantage and pro- perty of a harpoon. Hence, having been forced to penetrate the flesh, the point cannot be again extricated, but is detached at once from the side of the shaft on which it was articulated. This, how- ever, is not the most curious part of the instrument; and were it

* The Bristles: fixed resemblances “to implements of ordinary use,” but so small in size, and so delicate in tooling, that they are made rather for the admi- ration of man than for the use of the worm that bears, &c.

The Satan of the ancient ‘‘ Mysteries ’’ was ‘a werm with an aungelys face.”

+ ‘Ils offrent cela de remarquable, que le harpon ne se montre pas toujours tout formé, et qu’il parait quelquefois ne se produire que lorsque le besoin l’exige.” —Anan. des Sc. Nat. xxvii. p. 378.

ANNELIDES. 93

desirable to have any addition to man’s weapons fit for war, it

might furnish the model of a new kind as for- AUF

midable as any we yet possess. The bayonet No. XVI.

part of the bristle is, in fact, also a sheath, |

which encloses another weapon that is only ex-

posed when the scabbard has been lost. When ||

we separate the bayonet from the shaft, we, at |

the same time, force from its interior a horny | |

stylette (fig. 26 6),—the true termination of the | | r,

bristle,—so that the place where the bayonet is |

attached is not obtuse or inflated, as it seems to

be, but is, on the contrary, tipped with a needle- |

like point, ready to become a good defensive |

instrument when the enclosing appendage has |

been lost or expended. a: | |

The dphrodita hystrix has, in the dorsal branch of its feet, bristles of a very different composition, and which may be described as

lances*. It is easy enough to form a netion of a their form by recalling to ourselves the figure of a a lance, or of along pike barbed on the edges near the apex (No. XVII. fig. 28) ; and let it be remembered that*the lances of the Annelid are

|

so small that a considerable magnifier is re-

quired to discover their workmanship, which

excels in finish the finest instrument manufac-

tured by the skill and patience of the most | expert artificer; for, unlike man’s productions, 25 this tiny lance ‘‘not only bears the microscopic glance, but the more minutely it is examined, the more fully its exquisite organization is disclosedt.”” A great number of these bristles garnish the extre- mity of each foot, and as they are stiff and serried, they form a hedge of spears round the body of the worm, placing it, as it were, within a square of pointed pikes threatening at all pointsf.

Associated with the lance-bristles, there are found, in the same Aphrodite, numerous others terminating in a sort of knob (fig. 29). When this knob is opened longitudinally, there is found within it a barbed lance, in all respects resembling those just described (fig. 30). So the lance-bristles appear to be bristles which have been deprived of their sheaths. The sheath secures only the barbed point, and each barbule has its own little separate sheath or furrow, as may be seen on separating the valves of the main sheath. Then, on in- spection of the inner side of either valve, it is not difficult to discover

* “Fléches” is the term used by Audouin and Milne-Edwards; but as the weapon is thrust, and not shot, 1 have preferred lances to arrows.

+ See the Chapter LI.—“ Art and Nature compared,’’—in ‘ Baker’s Microscope made easy,’ p. 292, 3rd edit. Lond. 1744.

t In reference to Aphrodita hystrix, Mr. Alder writes me: “ They are very in- convenient neighbours in a bottle, as their sharp spines stick into everything ; and in examining the contents of a dredge where they are, they pierce the fingers, breaking in and becoming very painful.”’—Ze¢ter, Feb. 17, 1854.

94 ANNELIDES.

the little gutters in which the barbules are laid, and which are accu- rately adapted for their reception. The end of this singularly beau- tiful and complicated apparatus is obvious enough. Like the bristles of the Annelidans in general, the lance-bristle is retractile ; but as the barbules are pointed backwards, it could not have been drawn

No. XVII.

29

within the soft body without a painful laceration of the parts. To obviate this, a sheath has been provided to enclose the whole; and thus covered, the bristle moves with an easy play. Nor is it difficult to explain how, when the barbed point is needed by the necessities of the worm, the sheath is put aside. This consists of two pieces or valves accurately adapted to each other, leaving a small fissure or gape where they meet above, and through which the apex of the lance is occasionally seen protruded. The sheath is also flexible and elastic, and its valves, which are naturally in close opposition, are capable of easy separation. Thus, when an enemy or prey comes in contact with the apex of the lance, this is thrust through the gape of the valves onwards to penetrate the opposing object ; and by the protrusion, the sheath, having lost the support it had from the lance, is not only separated into its valves, but these are bent and folded backwards. They return again to their natural position and closure as the lance is withdrawn, and this is effected by their inherent elas- ticity *.

Other forms of Bristles will be described as they occur to us in our examination of the species. In the meantime, as we are dealing in marvels, let me ask the naturalist to count the number which may be required to furnish the garniture of a single individual. There are Annelides which have 500 feet on each side,—each foot has two branches,—and each branch has at least one spine and one brush of

* “Tn human works, though labour’d on with pain, A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain: In God’s, one single can its end produce; Yet serves to second too some other use.” Porn, Essay on Man, Epist. i. 1. 53.

ANNELIDES. 95

bristles, some of them simple, some of them compound. This indi- vidual then has 2000 spines at least ; and if we reckon ten bristles to each brush, it has also 20,000 of them! This, as Sir Thomas Brown would say, is one of the ‘“ magnalities”’ of nature ; yet, let us look a little further—not merely to the exquisite finish of each bristle, but to the means by which the host is put in motion. There is a set of muscles to push them forth from their port-holes,—there is another to replace each and all of them within their proper cases ; and the uncounted crowd of these muscles neither twist nor knot together, but play in their courses regulated by a will that controls them more effectually than any brace ;—that now spurs them to convulsive energy,—now stills them to rest,—and anon puts them into action where the ease and grace charm us to admiration, and fix the belief that even these creeping things participate largely in the happiness diffused throughout creation!

“ Man liveth only in himself, but the Lord liveth in all things; Aud His pervading unity quickeneth the whole creation. Man doeth one thing at once, nor can he think two thoughts together ; But God compasseth all things, mantling the globe like air: And we render homage to His wisdom, seeing use in all His creatures, For, perchance, the universe would die, were not all things as they are.”’ Tupper, Prov. Philosophy.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF ANNELIDES RAPACIA.

A. Rings of the body dissimilar, in so far that on some certain num- bers of them the scales or superior cirri alternately appear and disappear.

Family I. APHRODITACEA. Back usually covered with scales:

branchiz rudimentary : head distinct : proboscis with two pairs of jaws.

B. Rings of the body similar : no scales.

* Head distinct : no jaws: branchie developed in arbuscles, tufts or crests attached to the back or base of the feet : no spines.

Family Il. AMPHINOMZ.

** Head distinct, rarely without antenne and eyes: jaws usually present : branchie either obsolete, or in the form of a filament inserted in a single straight or spiral series, or in the form of lobules or tonguelets : spines rarely absent.

+ Proboscis with from seven to nine jaws articulated together : branchie either obsolete, or well-developed in the form of pec- tinated filaments inserted above the dorsal cirrus: feet with “spines.

Family III. EUNICE.

96 ANNELIDES.

++ Proboscis very large, with one or two pairs of jaws, rarely wanting: branchie either obsolete or lobular, inserted gene- rally on the apex of the feet: tentacular cirri and spines generally distinct.

Family IV. NEREIDA. Branchie obsolete, combined with the lobes of the feet.

Family V. NEPHTHYACEZ. Branchiz in the form of a sickle- shaped process between the foliaceous lobes of the feet: pro- boscis ciliated on the transverse cleft aperture.

Family VI. PHYLLODOCIDA. Branchiz a heart-shaped leaf form- ing the dorsal branch of the foot: proboscis encircled with papillee.

Family VII. GLYCERACEZH. Branchie, when present, in the form of a cirrus, on the dorsal branch of the two separate or connate branches of the feet: head with four tentacula.

Family VIII. SYLLIDA. Head small, lobed in front, and tentacu- lated: proboscis cylindrical, without jaws: feet uniramous, with two or only one cirrus: tentacular filaments elongate.

*** Head confluent, indistinct: antenne none, or rudimentary : proboscis very short or none, without jaws.

Family IX. AMYTIACEH. Tentacles two or four, moderate- sized: proboscis none: feet uniramous or biramous: no bran- chize.

Family X. ARICIADZA. Tentacles two, elongate, or none: pro- boscis short, or none, without jaws or tentacles: feet short, biramous, with or without cirri: the branchie attached to their base, filiform and cirriform.

APHRODITACES. 97

Fam. I. APHRODITACEZ.

ApHRODITA, Linn. Syst. x. 655; xii. 1084.

ApHropIT&, Pallas, Mise. Zool. 75. Lam. An. s. Vert. vy. 304.

Les ApHRODITES, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iti. 206.

APHRODITA, Savigny, Syst. Annel. 11 & 15.

ApHRODITEA, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 454; Grube, Fam. Annel. 34.

ApHrRopiTa@a, Latreille, Fam. nat. 239.

APHRODISIENS, Aud. & M.-Edw. Litt. de la France, ii. 58.

APHRODITACEA, Johnston in Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 424. Williams in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 200 & 237; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. xu. 405. O0crsted, Annul. Dan. Consp.9; Annul. Dorsi- branch. 11.

Char. Body oval, oblong, or linear-elongate, depressed, of a defi- nite number of segments, the back covered with scales in two rows : head distinct, antenniferous, with eyes on the vertex in one or two pairs: proboscis cylindrical, fringed with papillee round the orifice, aud armed with four jaws in adjunct pairs: feet well developed, not uniform in structure, for some are furnished with a superior cirrus and usually with branchiz, but have no scales ; while others, usually squamous, are neither branchial nor cirriferous ; and these different kinds of feet alternate, for a definite space, along the sides: branchize sometimes obsolete, always rudimentary and concealed, in the form of crests or tubercles situated on the upper part of the dorsal branch of the foot above the cirrus. Bristles stout, simple or compound, each fascicle with a spine.

Obs.* Of the Annelides furnished