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6-3
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ST JOKri'a carxcE, iiDi.i,3-/7AT, jsl::
TBI -^ K Hcr c OT3E!i.„ST S9"ABE, 3si.:rj«Tor;
7 i t3 the
GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE,
AND
HISTORICAl. CHHONIGIiE.
Fbom JANUARY to JUNK, 1829.
VOLUME XCIX.
(BEING THE TWENTY-SECOND OF A NEW SERIES.) PART THE FIRST.
Bv SYLVANUS URBAN, Gent.
PRINTED BY J. B. NICHOLS AND SON, 25, FARLIAMENT STREET;
WHERI LITTERS ARE FitflTIOUUItLY BIQUESTED TO BE IINT, TOIT-FJIID {
AND SOLD BY JOHN HARRIS,
./
LIST OF EMBELLISHMENTS.
[Those marked thus * are Vignettes printed with the letter-press."]
PAGE
St. John's Church, HoUoway 9
Trinity Church, Cloudesley Square, Islington ib.
St. Paul's Church, Ball's Pond, Islington ib.
Portrait of Mr. Thomas Bewick, the Engraver on wood 17
Wolvesley Palace, Winchester 105
^Representations of EarlLeofric and Lady Godiva, in Trinity Church, Coventry ISO
Portrait of George Pearson, M.D. F.R.S* • ...•.1S9
Hawkesbury Church, Gloucestershire • 201
Plan of Crowland Abbey, Lincolnshire # SO9
*View of the Birth-place of Dr.,l/!oung, at Upbam, Hampshire 217
Trinity Church, St. Mary-le-bone 297
St. Peter's Church, Pimlico ib.
Representations of Carvings at Norton Fitzwarren, Somersetshire, and a
Doorway at St. Mary Overy's, Soutbwark « 305
^View of Abbot*a Bridge, Bury St. Edmuiul's .....^ 393 .
Representations of some Roman Remains found in Warbank Field, Kent. • ..401
*Curious Arch in a Chapel at Callipo, in Portugal 437
Autographs from early Albums, of the children of James the First, and their
uncles Christian King of Denmark and Ulrich Duke of Hoist 489
Sir Thomas More's or Beaufor£ House, Chelsea 497
Shrewsbury or Alston House, Chelsea ;......•...* 498
*Plan of Augusta Londinum, or Roman London . ^ . . • • • •! 516
St. Matthew's Church^, Brixton 577
St. Mark's Church, Clerkenweli ••..•... •»«. ...^ • ib.
PREFACE.
The Parliamentary proceedings of our present Volume will present a most important feature to the future historian. The long contested question of Catholic Emancipation has at length been conceded without me least qualification, and with scarcely a pledge for the security of the Establishment. Protestant ascendancy, it may be truly said, has thus been compromised at the shrine of political expediency. '^ I had only this choice," said the noble Premier, " concession to the Catholics, or civil war." Of two evils, he asserts, he chose the least, concession in preference to an Irish rebellion. It was not because the members of the Legislature considered the spirit of Popery as ameliorated, that this important measure was carried in its favour, but because they were in hopes that unrestricted concession might allay the. rancorous party animosities which had been so long raging in the Sister Kingdom. Had we ourselves expected such a blessing as a necessary consequence, we should never have opposed so desirable a measure ; but our opinions in this respect remain unchanged, notwithstanding the different attitude which the question has assumed. We have but little hope of the measure producing the beneficial effects which the pro-Catholics have ho confidently prognosticated. The only real effect will be to elevate Popery in a Protestant State ; and to place popish idolatry, as to con- stitutional rights, on a level with our own Protestant Church; thus depriving us of the glorious distinction, so long enjoyed and so dearly, purchased, pf a pure and unmixed Protestant Constitution, — that two-' fold shield against papal idolatry and civil servitude. As to Catholic ^ Emancipation allaying the feuds which have so long distracted unhappy Ireland, folly it is to expect it, in its present priest-ridden and barbarous condition. Such a supposition is contrary to all expe- rience, and even passing events tend daily to disprove it. It is a noto- rious fact that every concession granted to the Irish Catholics has been followed by rebellion and bloodshed, ostensibly to obtain additional privileges, but in reality to subvert the British Government, and emancipate themselves from Protestant dominion. Thus in 1778 and 1782, the penal laws against the Catholics, which the prudence of our Protestant ancestors considered necessary, were materially mitigated. Yet, a very short period afterwards the same violent spirit manifested itself in Ireland, as previous to the concessions made by Government ; until, after two years* discussion, an Act was passed in 1792, permitting Catholics to be called to the Bar, to be Attornies, and to other privi- leges of which they had been deprived in the reign of Queen Anne. Dissatisfaction was still the order of the day ; until, at length, came the Statute of 1793, which restored or conceded to the Roman Catholics in Ireland the right of voting at elections, and relieved them from all " penalties, forfeitures, disabilities, or incapacities.** This Act opened to the Papists all civil and military offices, except about thirty, and enabled them to take university degrees. Yet, notwithstanding these very liberal concessions, which indeed exceeded the expectations of the most sanguine Catholics, a treacherous rebellion was organized in 1798, which desolated the fairest provinces, and spilt some of the best blood in Ireland. Though the Act of 1793 was expected to conciliate
?0644
.iV PREFACE.
all existing factions, the spirit of rancorous hostility on the part of the Irish Papists was more inveterate than ever. Precisely the same conse- quences do we apprehend from the late concessions, unless timely pre^ vented by military interference, llie Romish faction, emboldened foy the success attendant on' clamour and menace, will never rest satisfiea till Papal domination in Ireland triumphs over the ruins of the Pro- testant Church. Entertaining this opinion, we consider it a sacred duty, as ardent admirers of the British Constitution, to watch every future encroachment with a jealous eye. What has already been effected by the Legislature, and sanctioned by the Executive, must be submitted to as part and parcel of the law of the land ; but still it behoves the true friends of their country to resist every undue advantage which may be hereafter taken by Papistical demagogues, to supplant our Protest- ant Constitution ; and we shall certainly not slumber at our post in the time of need. If ever Romish influence should again prevail, as it once did, the horrors of the system would return. Their return, however, would be gradual^ because the better principles of Protestantism, with which Catholic minds had become unconsciously embued, would, for awhile, struggle against and check the evil principles of Popery ; and it would not be till the former were extinguished by the long-continued influence of an arbitrary priesthood, that the latter would display them- selves in their true light. Then it would be seen, how little education ias separated from religion) had been able to eflect — and how little epenaance is to be placed on changes in national character and on intellectual progress, to stem the torrent of superstition and. bigotry. An enlightened and elevated Protestantism is the only antidote to Popery : if we are indifferent to this, we shall present no adequate bar- rier against the encroachments of a system which can brook no rivalry, and which, when possessed of authority, can allow no difference of sen- #timent. The comparison of English with Irish Catholics will confirm these positions. Where Popery prevails, how cruel is the system — how unfeeling are the minds of its adherents — ^how debased the cha- racter of the mass of its population ! They are the slaves of an im- perious, priesthood ; and rejoice to bind around them the chains which Keep them in hopeless misery and in deep delusion. Why is it that in no country on earth are Catholics more wretched than in Ireland ; but because they are no where more abject tools of the Papacy ? — and why is it that in no country are they more happy and enlightened than in England, but because they are no where else so free from the direct and powerful ^operation of their own system ?
The Commissioners for the Building of New Churches are steadily proceeding with their laudable objects ; and our readers will be grati- fied to notice the successful result of their labours, — an abstract of which wiU be found at p. 637. In the present volume we have given illustrative engravings of seven new Churches recently erected under- their auspices, in the vicinity of London, as will be seen in the List of Embellishments. The descriptions which accompany them are from the pea of a gentleman who is intimately acquainted with every mii^utia of architectural detail.
To our numerous and valuable correspondents we tender our warmest acknowledgments.
I
GENTLEMANS MAGAZINE.
faa-Siw-Bnl-Tni
CimiMt.Clinialcl* ~ >ckgl~B<tB.U><l 'U|b| Chnnlcl*
Cuibtid^.rl
Conn till Cumbvl. OiTWipan t-D« im
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SbcrbgnK.^SUAHd SlirfTaidiliPHtiiiaf, ■uarordt Mecliperl
W*li<leld..Wrrw.I
JANUARY, 1829.
[PUBLISHED FEBRUARY 2. 1939-] OrlBlnnl CommunicatUny.
'Miirori CoiHuroNDiNci 9
ITha Doctor of Sucho Puiu 3
TriniMw Sjium of Eedtt. ArcL-Mcture. ...4
Air. L<«u'i Ramirki on tha nuna ClLT S
Dr. DomiDicni'* BMb* M CfaalKa i ud Car-
Ufiata of lh< NoUIitjorhbFcmilji 6, T
Abp. Luinaet'i Dedicalionlo Ld. Linrpoolii. iloquirj nlatiia to Dr. Aubraj (od Funilf . ...8 CorTcctioa of Apprant' - " -
Dr.LoM? ^.
CuURCHU. — St. Joho'a uhI St. Piul'i Ctnirebn, lilingtMi 9, 11
Ruie loMtiMioa an Mr. CumlieHuid** Rinj 1 S Dr. UpteODli'i Hiitotj of BueUn^umibin 1 6
Monoir of Mr. Thanu Bewick IT
DAaem at Enagttical Doctrinal 10
hribtrj of BibU ud Jaw CiKHrankn SociaCiM Bl
Ob the Origin ofWiad^SatardsT" fl4
Mr Nicolu oa tb« ■< Siags of Cubnrock," HHltli«Ro.uDaar"QB.EwlorVVu»i<^,-'aS
On Ibe DiiinEarment ol Hampden 80
Mr. Huatai on • Ronan iDMription M BatbSI
PortHnauttil&91,aa
Kttltm of jRtu VubtiutlaM. Aniodtl'iVi«ttotbaS*r(DChurch«ofAi»3S
Keoaedj an Precticr orTrnanlrj, go:
Hodgnon't Hittorjr uf Nucthumbcrluid. ..
Fiher'tADtiquilieiofBedfurdihin
Sweefi Honiu Britaonieiu
Wil.on'iSarmnn.,40.— Netla'fUirl
Bowlei'* D*jt DfpartMl.
Shakiprriuu, 46. — Slerani on teaebiu LMintO
Tlia Foreign Herieir, No. IV J. SI
Beekingtoo'i Journcl
Sermon bf the Bilbos of Loodoi _.
Crokar'i Legends of the I^lic) of KilbnMj . SB Anaiul Biognpbj, 61 . — AddhiI PeitBg* . .„6S Debrett'i Btionctu* — Moort'i Poani) lie. .64 Fink Arti »
AtrnaUAHIlII RuUHCHM. _
SiLlCT PoiTRT > 70
VJ/torical tfersniclt.
FottifnNewa, 78. — Domeitic Occur.
["romotioni, && 7S. — Birthiaiid Harriagu...80
Orituikt i wilh Memoin of tb« Earl of Li-
Tarpooli LordZoocba; Sir Even Camaroni
But. I Admir*! Sprji C*pt. Q. P. Monkaj
Gen. Sir Baldwin LeichtoD, Bart. | Cap*.
R.B.Tain, Dean WwidiluTB, &c. Sic. ...11
MukMi.— Bill of Morulit}, S4.— Sbarei . ,91
Metaoiological D'imtj, — Pticei of Stocki. ...tX
By SYLVANUS URBAN, Gent.
[ ? ]
MINOR cohrespOndencje:
We are requested by Mr. Bowles to say, that his observations in his Poem on "Ban- well-hill," and Dotca (quoted in the first pages of our December number), are intended to apply wdy to those who, of whatever persuasion> or class, preach against inorals as forming no part c^ the Christian code. He is persuaded of the pernicious effects of such doctrines, in every part of the country.
W. S. begs to call the attention of our readers to the important &ct of the Bishop ' of London forbidding Christ Church to be used by the << Society for the sale of Reli- gions Books " for their Anniversary Sermon. The reason alleged is the existence of Dis- senters upon the Committee : — his Lordship having refused to sanction any union be- tween the Established Church and Disaenters in his diocese.
The old Font engraved in the November Magazine, p. 446, is no longer in Stepney Church. It was removed in 1806; and a modern one in the style oi the Tndor archi- tecture substituted for it. The present font is constructed of the imitation atone of Messrs. Coade and Co. and is psobably cast in the same mould as that at Depden. — It stands on the site of the older one ; and the staple, by which the cover of that was drawn up, still remains. £. L C.
Vol. xcviii. ii. p. 558, 1. 5, for Earl of Winchester read Marquess of Winchester.
P. 57) . We were not quite correct as to Charles Wolsey Johnson. He was the third and youngest son of the Rev. Wolsey John- son, of Olney, Bucks, and of Wytham-on- the-Hill in the county c^ Lancoln, who died in April 1756. The Rev. C. W. Johnson married Jan. 6, 1787> Elizabeth, daughter of Rev. John Linton, of Freiston, near Bos- ton in Lincolnshire, who survives him» and without issue. He was presented to the Vicarage of Wytham-on-tne-Hill in 1786, by his brother George I^Ziam Johnson, wno died in February isn unmarried. The family is now represented by Col. William Augustus Johnson, the eldest son of the Rev. Robert Augustus Johnson (second son of Wolsey above-named) by Anna Rebecca, youngest sister of William sixth Lord Cra- ven. Col. Johnson is eighth in descent from Archdeacon Robert Johnson, the mu- nificent founder of Oakham and Uppingham Grammar Schools. The family were first settled at Milton Bryant ; and one branch is represented by Sir Robert Inglls, whose fiither Sir Hugh married an heiress el the ^Eunily. They were also settled at Clipsham in Rutland, and thence removed to Olney, and thence to Wytham.
P. 57S. Catherine Charlotte Lady Car- bery is not dead: the Lady Carbery who died at her seat, Laxton-hall, co. Northamp- ton, was Susan dowager Baronesa Carbeiy,
widow of George, fourth Lord C«arbery, wIk» died issueless in 1 807, and . only child of Colonel Henry Watson, Chief Engineer at Bengal (see his memoir in vol. Lvi. pt. ii. p. 996). Her ladyship brought a large for- 'iune to her Lord; after whose decease she married, secondly, in 1806, his cousin, George Freke Evans, Esq. next brother and presumptive heir to John the sixth and pre- sent Lord Carbery, by whom she had no issue. Had her second hysband survived his elder brother in her life-time, her Lady- ship would have been successively Baroness Carbery, dowager Baroness Carbery, and again Baroness Carbery,'— the present Lord's wife changing position with hia younger brother's win, a circumstance unprece- dented in the annals of the Peerage.
J. P. inquires as to the mode of ps^ing Counsel and PhysWians, prior to the coinage of Guineas, whether in even pounds, or bow otherwise ?
Psay who waa Samnel Leedes? whose name and very numerous notes and observa- tions in a remarkably find hand-writing I observe on the i|i^rgtn and blank leaves of a copy of Magna Britannia Antique et Nova^^ in six vols., small quarto. London, printed for Caesar Ward and Richard Chandler, 17S8, which I accidentally purchased some time since. These entries, some of which are extremely curious, both critical and topo- graphical, seem to indicate that he was a clergyman. One of them is as follows: ** & Matthew Decker, of St. Jamea's- square and Richmond, &ther ta my young patroness Mrs. Croftes, y« generous donoiir of these 6 vohiraes, to me Sam. Leede^, A. D. 1739. Y« now Lady FitzwiUiam came and brought them w^^ her own hand ; gra- tius est pulchro veniens e corpora Donum,*' —'I find Samuel Leedes among the Cam- bridge Graduates of Queen's-c^ege, A. fi. 1701, A. M. 1705; and another of the same name of Clare-hall, A. B. 1677, spelt Leeds ; but when he took his Master's de- gree in 1681 Leedes. It is scarcely proba- ble that the Samuel Leedes above-mentioned was the same with the last, but might have been the former ; and any further informa- tion respecting him or his works, his fiunily, or where he was beneficed and resided, would much gratify the curiosity which has been excited Iqf reading hb manuscript observa- tions, which seem to indicate a mind well stored with literature, and evince great in- dustry of research. Q.
The communicfitions of Dr. Meyrick, Mr. Brewer, Mr. Tradesoant Lsy, of J. and several others, are unavoidably postponed until next month. To the recommendation of An Old Subscriber we shall also attend hereafter.
THE
diENTI^EMANS MAGAZINE,
i^mmm
JANUARY, 1829.
■ .-■ ■ ■ 4 ■- ■ . »
ORIGIN AX. COBIMUIinCATIONS.
THE DOCTOR Ot
Mr. Urban, T'aunton, Jan, 15.
IT may, perhaps, be new to a large proportiOD of your readers, as until lately it was to me, that the author of Don Quixote was in all probability in- debted to the Arabian writers for the huaiouroos idea of furnishing Sancho with a physician at the very com- mencement of his government, to re- flate his diet, and controul his appe- tite^ and thus to wound the hungry governor in his tenderest part, his stomach ; thundering out Absit ! at every dish as soon as it was uncovered, and prescribing, in lieu of solid food, about a hundred sugared waferis, and a (ew thin slices of quince to aid in their digestion.
It appears, from the life of Cer- vantes, that he was a prisoner at Al- ^rs nearly six years, during which time a vigorous and curious mind like his could not fail to become well ac- quainted with the language and writ- mgs, the manners and customs, of the * jEastern nations. And that he adapted many of their romantic peculiarities to his rueful knight and laughter-loving squire, and thus heightened the extra- vagance of their characters, seems to admit of little doubt. . But thera is one passage in particu- lar, to which I would refer your readers, as exhibiting the prototype of the idea of Sancho's ** dread doctor.** It occurs in the life of Gabriel Back- tishma the physician, which was written in Arabic, and translated from that language into Latin. From this I will transcribe it, and subjoin a translation. *< Ait idem Josepbus, Retulit mihi Salo- mon Chorasensis Kaschidi servus : die quodauQ, inquit, c\im starem prope caput Raschldi in urbe Hira, dum cibum sumebat mertdianura, et, ecce, ingressus est ad eum Aoun El-Ebadi Elgiavbari, discura maui- bu8 portans, in quo erat piscis butyro condi- tus, adjecto farto quod ipse accommodavcrat. Voluit itaque Erraschid de illo pisce coine- dere ; ut impedivit eum Gabriel, nictuq. oculi prsefeoto mensae indicavit, ut ilium
SAlffCHO PANZA.
atifenret ; qua de re monitua fuit Errasckid. Sublate mensa, et lotis manibus, discessit ab ea Gabriel."
" The same Joseph said, that Salo- mon of Chorasan, a servant of Raschid, told me as follows : on a certain day, said he, as I stood close to Raschid, v^^hile he took refreshments at the middle of the day, at the city of Hira, behold ! there entered Aoun El-Ebadi Elgiavhari, holding a dish with a fish in It, which was preserved in butter j to which was added a pudding, which he himself had supplied. Erraschid was much inclined to eat of the fish ; bat Gabriel prevented him, and with a wink of his eye signified to the prefect of the tabla that he should take it away. Of this, Erraschid being in- formed, the table was cleared, ablution performed, and Gabriel departed."
One essential difference, however there is, as to the effect of this medical surveillance on the tempers and feel- ings of the prince and the peasant. 1 hat, while the former was so much pleased that he gratified with 50,000 aurei the physician, " qui tam ben^ me regit, tantamrjue mei curam ha- betj"' Sancho fairly threatened Dr Pedro Positive, of Bodewell, with a Cudgel and the stocks.
In this narrative of the life of Ga- briel, are other points of such strong resemblance to passages in Don Quix- ote, as to justify an inference that Cer- vantes was familiar with it. One may be just mentioned. When Gabriel was first summoned to wait on the Caliph, he demanded his name. •* Quodnam, inquit Erraschid, est no- men tuum? Gabriel, inquit ille: turn Erraschid, quid scis ex arte medica? Kespondit, calidunrreddo frigidum, et frigidum item calidum • siccum eflS- cio humidum, et humidum paritcr siccum. Ridens Calipha dixit, hoc est omne, &c.
•* What," said Erraschid, 'f is thy name?" ** Gabriel,'' he said. ••Theu
»
Trinitarian System of Eecleiiastical Architecture. [Jan*
Eri;^chid, what koowesi thou of me- dicine ?'* He answered, *• 1 can make cold hot, and hot abo cold, dry moist, and moist dry.** Tlie Caliph, laugh- ing, said, " Why this is the whole of it," &c.
In the same manner Sancho hearing, the prescription of the wafers and guineas, threw himself backwards in his chair, and surveying the physician from hand to foot, asked in a grave and solemn tone, ** What was his name, and where he had studied?'' To this question the other replied, ** I, my lord governor, am called Dr. Pedro Positive de Bodewell, &c. and I took my doctor's degree at the University of Ossuna. A. D.
I
Mr. Urban, York, Jan, 3.
N the notices of the transactions of
the Antiquarian Society, given in the last number of your raluable Mis- cellany, p. 553> it is stated, that on the nth Dec* "Mr. J. Byrne, of York, communicated an essay on the working principles of Ecclesiastical Architecture, accompanied by a port- folio of Mathematical draughts in illus- tration of his opinions, of a similar nature with the several plates which are attached to the Essay on Gothic Architecture, by the late Mr. Kerrich, in the i6th volume of the Archseo- logia.**
As this notice cannot be considered official, I trust I shall not be thought puilty of any disrespect to the Society if I request you will allow me, through the medium of your Miscellany, to correct a mistake or two into which the reporter has fallen.
And 6rst, there is a mistake in the name of the author, which is not Byrne, but Browne ; nor is there such a similarity in the matter of the Essay, and the principles of Mr. Kerrich ♦, as the notice would lead your readers to think.
In the sixteenth vol. of the Archaeo- logia, p. 313, it is conjectured by Mr. Kerrich that a Bgure (termed vesica piscis) produced by two intersecting arcs struck from the extremes of a
^ Mr. Browne may be assured that it was his book of draughts only, not his essay, that was compared to the excellent article of Mr. Kerrich. He persists In calling that gentleman Dr. ,* on that point we liave of course bestowed correction upon him ; and imagine that in other reapects it may also be 6und requisite. Edit.
given right line, inflnenced all torts of things intended for sacred uses ; and In the. 19th vol. Mr. K. has given several plans of Churches and Chapels, all apparently under the influence of his vesica piscis.
Several plans are also advanced by Mr. K. which do not accord with his particular vesica piscis; and which have caused him to invent a scheme^ by which he endeavours to shew that the ancient Ecclesiastical Architects had but six right-angled forms, the. length of which was less in proportioa to the breadth than his vesica piscis.
Plans of original edifices are alsa ad- vanced by Mr. Kerrich, which he is not able to bring into any regular scheme ; and he remarks,- what rule the Architects prescribed to themselves for adjusting the plans' of Churches, the length of which were longer ia proportion to their breadth, than the preceding Bgures, he has not been able to discover, yet he supposes that it was by some method similar to that by which the architects were guided iu the former case.
From the many different propor- tioned plans which 1 have found ex- isting lor Churches and Chapels, I am induced to imagine that the ancient Christian architects generally used pro- portions that were unconnected with any regular scheme or schemes of plans, except the one taken to produce the whole of the intended builditig.
It ought to be particularly observed that Mr. Kerrich s suggestions relate only to length and breadth, not to the origin of the thickness of the walls, the size of the buttresses, piers, doors, windows, or to their determined situa- tion} consequently, although Mr. Ker- rich may have advanced one step to- wards recovering the science of the Christian architects, yet much remains to be done. A system is to be sought, that shall appear to have led their fanciful inventions, and governed their decisions, not only in the proportions of length to breadth, for ine plan of the building, but of every essential part of the fabric. ' The essay which had the honour of being read by the Antiquarian Society on the evenings of the 11th and the 18th of December, professes to give a developement of the working principles of Ecclesiastical Architecture, by means of schemes constructed analogous to the principles of the doctrine of the Trinity.
ima]
Remarks on tha nixme Celt.
5
The folio of mathematical draiights vhich accompanied the Essay, were forms selected from various buildings, consisting of plain shields, shields with the principal chargings, divisions of bays, trefoils, qualrefoils, cinquefoils, sixfoiis, septfoils, octafoiis, . neuffoils, cuspated heads, geometrical regular forms, and geometrical compound forms, crosses, and a plan and an ele- vation of a Cathedral Ghnrch, the principal portion of which forms being produced by the Trinitarian schemes, were founci by admeasurement accu- rately to correspond with the originals.
The Essay further sets forth, that there is a great probability of the schemes having in olden times consti- tuted a principal secret in the sublime degree of Free- Masonry, and that the Bishops, Priests, and other distinguish- ed personages of the Roman Catholic Church, were nearly the sole profes- flors of that degree, and that they styled the principal secret of their order the ** Art of finding new Arts.*'
But, whatever may be the conviction created by the matter advanced relative to the mystical allusions of the schemes, the importance of the schemes is not weakened, as offering sure and easy methods of imitating ancient Christian architecture. They will, 1 am per- suaded, be found much more sure than any mode of proceeding by scale, and at the same time so easy, that the most difficult series of mouldings, or any other constituent part of an edifice, can be copied, by tne application of these schemes, to any moderate size, with the greatest accuracy, by the youngest tyro in the art of Ecclesiastical Architecture. John Browne.
Mr. Urban, King^s-square,Jan.\2,
FROM the perusal of a letter signed " T. T." in your Dec. Magazine, p. 4gi, I am induced to trouble you with a few remarks on the name Celt. Etymologies, I confess, are often ex- tremely fanciful j but they may also prove useful and instructive. On this word conjecture has been abundantly be- stowed. That the term Celtae was pronounced with the C hard, is I be- lieve universally allowed ; for it is im- mediately derived from the Greek lan- guage, in which it appears KsXto*, and that the Romans did not give C the sound which we do, is proved by the discovery of some ancient monumental inscriptions, in which the word pace
18 spelt whh the K.* Ho werer harsh the sounds may be, it is yet true that Scythae, Cimbri, Thrasca, &c. were all pronounced in a similar manner.
That the Gauls wore a peculiar dress, as your Correspondent observes, is well known, and that the country received the name of Gallia braccaia*, from the Bracchss in which the people ar« rayed themselves, is no less certain. Concerning this part of their costume, I entertain a different opinion from that which is generally received, and may at another time trouble you with nly ideas concerning it ; but, on the present occasion, I must take the Ii« berty of correcting the supposition of " T. T.'* respecting the derivation of the term Celts.
It is certainly not " derived from the Celtic name for a part of the dress j** for that part is not "called by those who wear it, Kelts or Kilts,'* which are not Gaelic, but Saxon words. The Lowlanders so term this part of the Highlaiid ^arb, because it is kilted or tucked up, in which sense a woman is said to kilt her petticoat; but the name in the native tongue is Feile, literally * the covering,' to which leg, * little,' is added, to distinguish it from the an- cient Breacan feile, or belted plaid, BOW little wotn.
The affinity of Celt and Gaul, the Greek and Roman forms of the word, to Cael or Gael, is apparent. The ap- pellation by which the ancient race nave ever been distinguished, they re- tained as their own proper name (Fau- sanias, Caesar, &c.)( and it is evidently indigenous, from whatever circum- stance it 6rst arose.
Allow me, Mr. Urban, to take this opportunity of correcting some slight errors that occur in a review of Mr. Bowles's ** Hermes Britannicus," where reference is made to some papers of mine, published by the Society of An- tiquaries. It is strange that the writer should say, the entrance to Seanhinny, (which is by a typographical mistake made Seanhinny, both here and in a review of the** Archseologia,'') is closed up by a horizontal stone. A block of granite, measuring \6 feet 4 inches in length, by 4 feet 6 inches, and up- wards of 3 feet in thickness, could not have been moveable, and the place where it lies cannot surely be termed an entrance ; yet it is again said of the
♦ Incorrectly, in p. 491, printed iraccata.
Dr. D^mmieetit Bathi tU CheUea.
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ctiriow circle «l Avcbortbie, ^ here, as at SatnhinDy, a horizonul stone obstractfl the entrance." A stone, 8 feet 6 inches long, filling up the in- terval between two others, and being between 3 and 4 feet high, is certainly an effectual obstruction. I neither •aid, nor ever imagined, the entrance was at this place.
The extract from my communica- tion to the Society of Antiquaries, in your Magazine for November, should be '' apud le Standand Stanes,'* i. e. standing stones, an appellation usually given to these circles in Scotland. Yours, &c. James Looav.
• Mr. URBAir, Q^^erC'fJ^^^CheUea,
PERCEIVING, in your Obituary for December, 18«8, *• Mary the widow of tlie Hon. Barlhotomew Do- miniceU, M. JD." 1 presume the article refers to the widow of the Hon, Modo- monte Dominiceli, the son of Dr. Bar^ iholomew Dominiceli, of whom Mr. Faulkner, in his work now publishing, entitled, ** An Historical and Topo- graphical. Account of Chelsea and its environs,'* makes the following men- tion :
<« Dr. DoMiMiCETi's Baths. — ^The dwelU * Sag hduae tidw in the tenure of the Rev. Weeden Butler, wu once inhabited by one bomiuiceti, an luliaa physician, or rather charlatan, of very considerable notoriety and « talents. At this house he established medi- cinal baths for the cure of all diseases ; and it was fitted up with pipes, &c. for the ac- oomnlodation of naaierous patients, who Alight choose to reside with him while they wsre under his oare. In the year 1766, is is df iOriWd as a large« pit aiant, and oonve- alMt house in Cheynft Walk, which contains (^f spacious and loftv parlours, two dining nrnPHf snd thirteen bed chambers, to ao- iwmtiKHlati lAfirm UdUs and gentUmen of
** On ths SMt side of the garden, and 4if«»tty flommunloiting with the house, was 0fWUm UN ffUgtnt hrlok and wooden boild- \nHt «"*« htindred fstt long, and sixteen fjinl wid«i| lit whioh wsrt the baths and fomi- M»l«(ry sMesi afyolnlng to which were four «w»iillNK tf#(l'«himlNirs, to be dlrtotsd to aftv A^nm «f HiNilf snd the water of the h(i(h »fi4 ilm VMNturiiMi tflttvlt of the stove, ifNt(f»||Hiit«d wfkli the priipfrtlH uf sueh ImrU m4 \i\mkn as mlghl be supposed mosi «Mhi«*Ihh« ft(t fthii mm,
f( Im Mitvh l7A/», Dr. Domliilesll opeoed his Imilis St MrliKilf UittM ilit^ti %\\* i\ui of ili« klHtl iHKufopsi iatlliiMiiy I7d4, he
took a boose nl MiUkMkf and horn that time, till the year 1780, had npwaide of sfatteen thousand persona under hia care* His baths were very costly, well made, and eonvenient ; and from his own publications it appears that he expended upwards o€ S7,000t In erectbg, contriving, and eooi- pleting hit house and baths m Cheya^ Walk*.
** Among hb visitors and patienti at Chelsea, was his late Royal Highness, Ed- ward, Duke of York, who entrusted the preservation of his life and the recovery oC nis health (says the Doctor) to his sidle di- rection for above a month ; and that in direct opposition to the advice of the Physi- cians and Surgeons of the Royal Household.'
« The late Sir John Fielding Was inti- roatelv acquainted with Dr. Dominieeti t' send, having experienced the eood e£Feets of his Chelsea Baths, wrote * a Vindication of Dr. Domioiceti's Practice of removing va- rious afflicting diseases by medicated batfaa* stoves, fumigations, and firictions, founded on facts.'
*^ Sir John says, < Dr. Domiaiceti hae. most happily situat^ himself at Chelsea, am the Thames and the gardener's grounds ara his great Apothecary's shop, the one furnish- ing him with water, the other with herbs ; biit, what is superior to all reasoning, expe- rience has found, beyond a doubt, that ho scorbutic habit, chronic disease, or other distemper arising from obstfacted perspira<^ ^n, can long stand against the Doctor's operations, mild, safe, and agreeable a» they are. But whosoever would wish to bei thoroughly satisfied what kind of diseaaaa have yielded to this process, I shall refec them to the Doctor's l>ooks, where they wil( find the names of many respectable perscman who, from principk» of gratitude, woUl4 wish to communicate this remedy to others^ The Doctor has not received a guniuea firon^ the public which he has not hud out, with another of his own, to improve his plan for the benefit of the community. Every man is at liberty to contradict these faqts, if. he can I if not, let him follow the advice of Horace : * Si quid novisti rectius istisy.caor didus imperti ; si non, hb utere mecum.'
<* This fitrooos quack resided for several years in Chelsea ; and frequent puff adver- tisements appeared in the newspapers relative to these surprising baths; but it does not appear that any considerable cures were ever ejected by his almost magical delu- sions. The Doctor used to boast that no dead man, woman, or child, was ever sent out of his doors : the fact was, that those patients who died under his care, were sent out of his garden-gate, at the back of hb house. He became bankrupt in Chelsea in
* Msdioal Anecdotes of the last Thirty Ysars» by Bt Dominiceti, London, 17dl» P* 18*
1789» and tt len^ disappeared, ofep- wbdroed with debt.
<VOf his advertiiemeBtef published during Ikia resideoee in Chelsea, wnich di8[4ay cu- xiooa specimens of his fiilse modesty and real aasurance, some specimens are here selected ; sometimes they gave an account of a concert given here ; sometimes a letter from the JJoetor himself, aqd sometimes firom an •aonymous correspondent totally unacquaint- ed with him. One of the latter description laments, that the late Duke of York was BOf in England when he was taken ill, being convinced, that had he been in the mont diatant part of the kingdom, he would have ocdered himself to be carried to the medici- ■ml baths, by which means, in all probable lity, his invaluable life would have been pre- served/'
I trusty Mr. Urban, your intelligent leaders will agree with me in opinion that the above statement is both in- teresting and entertaining in no com*- iiion degree : interesting, inasmuch as itHelates to the character and conduct of a man whose abilities must have been sterling ; instructive to both young and old, inasmuch as it demonstrates, in an unambitious manner, the sure process by which talents the most •plendid may be misapplied by vanity aad conceit (like a two-edged sword in improvident hands) to the detriment of their possessors, however extraor- dinarily gifted by the bounty of Hea- ven. Ofthe family of this noted char- latan your readers may peruse, with some degree of good-natured ridicule, an official document, in proof of its claim to nobility. I transcribe it for amusement, and doubt not you will peruse it with pleasure.
Yours, &c. John Eyre.
** Locus ARMORUM PAMILliE DoMINlCETI.
<^ To all and singular to whom these pre- sents shall come, we, the Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants of the corporation of the College of Arms, London, do hereby certify, that an imperial diploma, of the Emperor Ferdinand IIL dated at Vienna, the 30th day of March, 1643 ; a decree ofthe Senate of the Republic of Venice, dated the 17th of November, 1778, confirming the said Imperial Diploma in all the dominions of the said Republic ; a Pedigree, duly attested and supported by the necessary proofs, to- gether with other authentic documents re- lative to the family of Dominiceti, have been recorded under the usual forms, in our said College. By all which it appears, that the Emperor Ferdinand IIL by the said Im^ perial Diploma, restored, ratified, and con- firmed all the rights; privUegesj %nd pre*
eaiidn to Lordl Jj0$rpool. tf
emfaences of antient Nobility of tlie aaered lloman Empire, and of the most aoguae house of Austria, to Stephen t)ominiceti, Francis his brother, and their lawful poste- rity, heirs, and descendants, both male and female, in infinitum, declared their family to have been noble for many years, augmented their armorial ensigns, and authorized them and their posterity of both sexes, for ever» to bear the arms above depicted ; that Bat- tholomew Dominiceti, of Chelsea, in tha county of Middlesex^ Doctor of Physic, li- neally descended from the said Stephen, i^ the present representative of that &mily, which has been established in l^alo, in the dominion of the Republic of Venice, up- wards of two hundred years, in the rank of Nobles; and that the name of the said Dr. Bartholomew Dominiceti, with those of his sons, Dr. Rodomonte, Hector, and Csesar, and his brothers Jerome and FraneiK, are, in pursuance of the decree of the Senate of Venice, inscribed in the Golden Book, where persons duly qualified with titles of Nobility are usually registered.
** In witness whereof, we have hereunto affixed the common seal of our said corpora- tion, this S2d day of December, in the 9 1st year of the reign of our Sovereign Locd George III. by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the fisith, &c. and in the year of our Lprd 1780.
(Signed] Ralph Biglano, Garter Principal King of Arms,
(L. S.) and Registrar.
Mr. Urban, Jan, 8.
t COMPARING, to-day, a note of J Bishop Lowth on Isaiah Ixiv. with Archbishop Laurence's Transla- tion of his ** Codex ^thiopicus, ** I accidentally opened the Dedication of the latter work, which follows the title-page, and I be gleave to transcribe, what at this moment appears to me of public interest, — the testimony ofthe learned writer (then far below the sta- tion he now so ably fills,) to the great characterof the noble and mostexcellent Statesman, whose loss to the Country your present number records.
** Honoratlssimo lUustrissinioque Do- mino Comiti de Liverpool, iErarii viris cum selectiorlbus Prsefecto, Regiae Majestati ab intimis conslliis, quae Deo adjuvante Europse res collapsas restituerunt, atque Pidem ac Llbertatem ex terris evolantes restinctis belKs revoc&runt, &c. &c. Patriae Propug- natori, Ecclesise Tutori, omniumque qui aut de Patrti aut de £cclesi4 bene mereri stu- deant fautori munifico^ &c. &c« dat^ dioat^ contecrat Editor."
8
i^ubrey Family^ ^apprentices. — Dr» Lost?
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> Mr. Urban, Jan, 12.
YOU will oblige me by inserting the following, as a preliminary to a genealogical inquiry.
Dr. William Aubrey was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, where he had a monument affixed to the north wall, .opposite to the choir, with his busL An engraving of this monument may be seen in Ougdale*s History of St. Paul's. He is represented in his gown, with a close black cap on his head, a quilled ruff and ruffles : his right hand hold- ing a pair of gloves, his left resting on a skull. On a shield, above the pediment: Arms, per fess and pale, 1 and 6, a chevron between three eagles' heads erased, Aubrey. 2. A lion ram- pant. 3. A chevron between three spear-heads. 4. Three cocks. 5. Three fleurs-de-lis. Crest, an eagle's head erased. On smaller shields are several other coals for his sons and daughtersr
In Roman capitals :
" Gulielmo Aubreo, clara familia in Bre- Tonla t>rto, LL. in Oxonia Doctor!, ac Re- gio Professori ; Archlepiscopi Cantuariensls causarum Auditori, et Vicario in spiritua- ^ibus general! ; exercitus Regit ad S. Quin- tin supremo Juridico ; in litnitane' Walliae concilia' adscito Cancellarie Magi^tro ; et Re- gine Elizabethe a supplicum libellis ; viro ex- qunita eruditione, singulao prudentia, et mo- ribus suavlssimis ; qui, tribus filiis et sex filia- bus h Wilgiforda uxore susceptis, seternam in Christo vitara expectans, anicnam Deo zxxiii JuUi 1 595, setatis snae 6*6, placid.e reddidit.
<< Optimo Patri Edwardus et Thomas, Mi- lites, ac Johannes, Armigei*, filli moestissimi posuerunt."
This Dr. Aubrey married Williford, eldest daughter of John Williams, esq. of Oxfordshire ; which brings me to my question, Whether this John W^il- liams were of Taiuton or Yarnton, or of what other parish or place in Ox- fordshire? Whether of the family of Lord Williams of Thame, and in what degree related to the latter? and whe- ther any of your correspondents will have the goodness to inform me of such particulars as have come to their know- ledge respecting Sir Edward Aubrey, or Awbrey, Knt. of Tredowen, sup- posed to nave been eldest son qC Dr. Aubrey, and of his issue by Joane Havard, coheiress of the Havards of ^Brecknockshire^' which issue were nu-
merous, but sdid to have failed in the next generation. T. A.
Mr. Urban, Rochester , Jan. 24.
WHEN the March of Intellect is making rapid innovations on the habits transmitted by our ancestors, it is not matter of surprise that the rising generation, at this time, should partake of its influence, in striving to become independent of all restraint and discipline essential to their present and future welfare in life.
The following subject, on which I seek information from some of your correspondents enabled to afford it, is important in the government of fami- lies generally, but especially to those in charge of young persons. A re- spectable female in my neighbourhood has several young articled apprentices to her business. On threatening one of^em, lately, with personal chas- tisement for some serious offence, she was pertly told by the girl (not fifteen), that no mistress had any lawful right to do so ; and that, if she proceeded, she would be summoned before a court. Forbearance was the consequence, and the result (as might naturally be ex- pected) endless confusion in the fa- mily. For this lady's government, as well as others similarly placed, 1 wish to know, through your excellent Mis- cellany, if masters and mistresses are legally justified in inflicting moderate whipping, with the birch-rod, on ap- prentices, or even articled domestic servants, under fifteen or sixteen years of age, when their conduct absolutely requires wholesome (not cruel) correc- tion, and after all other means of con- troul have been resorted to in vain. Yours, Z. L.
Mr. Urban, Taunton, Jan, 15.
IN 1762, a small medical work was published, with the following title : V Frederici Lossii, Heidelbergensis Pa- latini, Medici Dorchestrensis, Obser- vationum Medicinalium Libri Qua- tuor. Londini, 1672."
As the author was for a long series of years a physician of eminence at Dorchester, may I ask where any account of him, or his writings, is to be found, or whether any of your Cor- respondents in the county of Dorset are in possession of any particulars re- lating to him.
Yours, &c. A. D.
1^9.] Si. John's Churchy Upper HoUoxoay, Islington,
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NEW CHURCHES.— No. XX.
OUR present engraving comprises views of the three New Churches built in the parish of Islington. In the outset, it is but justice to remark, that great credit is due to all the par- lies concerned in the work ; to the pa- rish particularly, for the selection of a style of architecture peculiarly adapted to ecclesiastical builclings, and for the choice of architects possessed both of taste and talent. Tiie first and last subjects are the production of Charles Barry, esq. the architect of St. Pe- ter's, Brighton ; the new spire of Petworih Church, Sussex ; and the alterations of St. Mary, Stoke New-
isa Pointed window, nearly occupving the space between the buttresses. The windows are each divided by a single mullion into two lights, with arched heads, inclosing five sweeps; the head of the arch is occupied by a single division of a similar character, and its exterior lines are inclosed in a sweeping cornice. Over a cornice charged with reliefs of masks and roses, an embattled parapet finishes the walls ; and the buttresses at the angles terminate in square pedestals, sur- mounted by crocketted pinnacles, crowned by finials. The remainder of ihc west front is plain and unadofned. The flanks are uniform, or nearly so.
ington. The middle subject is by ^hc aisle is made into seven divisions " " - by buttresses, those at the angles pro-
ject diagonitlly from the wall, and arc crowned with pinnacles; the others finish below a cornice just above the points of the windows, over which the elevation is terminated by a plain pa- rapet. The windows resemble in de- sign those in the tower already particu- larized ; they are divided into two heights by a transom, the lights below which are distinguished from those above by the arched heads being desti- tute of the ornamental sweeps. The first window from the west in the south aisle, and the first and last in the north aile, have their lower series of lighis omitted to make way for doorways. The frontispieces are all alike; the arches are pointed, and in- closed in a square head, the sweeping cornice restine on busts of a King and a Bishop, wl^tch are all copies of each other — a want of invention seldom or ever displayed by our ancient archi- tects. The spandrils of the several doorways are filled with folias:e, inter- woven with the monograms %^^ and
The aisles fall short of the nave in length by one division at both extre- mities, allowing for the projection of the tower at one end, and of a chancel at the other. In the'castern ends of the aisles are simple windows of one light encli, which, however, arc only introduced to avoid a dead space, as they give no light to the Church.
The clerestory is divided by but- tresses into the same number of divi- sions as the aisle, and each contains a window of two lights divided by a sin- gle mullion. The upri^^ht is Mulshed with a plain parapet and coping, simi-
James Savage, esq. architect of St. Luke's Church, Chelsea ; St. James's, Bermondsey, &c. Both of these gen- tlemen have distinguished themselves above their predecessors and their con- temporaries, by their excellent designs in our national style of archltecture»
The first in order of date, and having priority in the engraving, has the pre- ference in point of description, as it would be invidious to make a distinc- tion in the merits of the buildings.
St. John's Church, Upper Hol-
LOWAY.
Architect, Barry,
This Church is situated on the south side of the high road, an<l nearly op- posite to the branch leading to the Highgate Archway. It is built with a fine white brick, the ornamental portions executed in Bath stone. The plan gives a nave and side ailes, with a square tower, flanked with vesiihules at the western end, and a small vestry attached to the opposite extremity. The basement floor is occupied by ca- tacombs.
The western front of the Church is made in breadth into three portions. The centre is occupied by the tower, in which is the principal entrance. It has a Pointed arch, with an og^e ca- nopy, crocketted, and ending in a fininl ; the outer moulding springs from bustos. Above this is a window of a single light, and to this succeeds a pannel, intended for the dial. The opper story of the tower is clear of the Church; it owes more to the graceful- ness of its proportions, than to its height or dimensions; the angles are guarded by duplicated buttresses, and in each face
Gbnt. Mag. January, 1899.
2
10
St. John's Church, Ujpper Holloway,
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lar to the aisle. The east end of the chancel has a handsome window nearly occupying the whole of the wall ; it is made in breadth by four mullions into 'five lights, which are subdivided in height by a transom ; the head of the arch is occupied by smaller perpendi- cular divisions, and the detail of the whole assimilates with the aisle win* dows ; the arch is finished by a sweep- ing cornice. Below this window it the vestry, a plain room, semi-octago- nal in plan, with a square window in the eastern face. At the angles of the main building are buttresses crowned with pinnacles ; a little above the point of the window is o square aperture in- closing a quatrefoil ; and then succeeds a pedimental cornice, over which the elevation is finished with a coping of the same form. On the point is an ele- eant cross flory, pierced with a lozenge in the centre.
.^ The Interior
Is simple and chaste; the arphes form a medium between the obtuse and low forms of the Tudor sra and the acutely-pointed ones of the thir- teenth century, occupying a larger space, with reference to the pillars, than those gracefully formed arches which are always found in works of the four- teenth century ; they may in conse- quence be said to forin a medium be- tween the last period and the first- named aera — the architect having adopted that modification of the Point- ed style, in which a vast number of the ancient parochial churches is erect- ed, a simple unostentatious style which prevaile<l about the middle of the fif- teenth century, and which, from its light and unornamented character, seems peculiarly adapted to the village church. On each side the nave are six arches, and they are well adapt- ed to prevent any unpleasant interfer- ence with the sight of the congrega- tion In the galleries. The piers from which the arches spring are octangular, to the sides of which are-attached cylin- drical columns, with the usual capitals and bases, which serve to sustain the mouldings ornamenting the soffites of the arches ; a similar column is ap- plied to the inner faces of the pier, which is carved up to sustain the beams on which the ceiling of the nave reposes: the capitals of these pillars are foliated. The Jambs of the clerestory windows are brought
down to a cornice over the points of the main arches ; but a portion of their height being built against by the aisle roots, pannels of stone carved with shields in quaterfoils are introduced below the glazing, which has a pleas* ing effect The ceilings are plaia plaster, resting on beams of oak ; those of the nave show obtuse arches, with pierced quaterfoils in the apandrils ; the soflfite is paiinelled into compart* ments by ribs, with roses and lozenges at the intersections. The compart* ments are coloured with a light blue tint. The beams of the aisles are seg* ments of arches springing from corbels attached to the side walls, and abut- ting against the main arches ; the ceil- ing, like the nave, is plain plaster untinted, and this is the only modern innovation of which we have to com- plain. The architect has perhaps been compelled by circumstances to adopt the expedient, but it would have been far better, in point of appearance, had he made the whole to imitate an oak ceiling; the mixture of wood and plaster has the appearance of an an- cient work modernized by a tasteless repairer.
Both the aisles have galleries. The fronts are varnished in imitation of oak, and ornamented with square pa- nels, each containing three arched heads, tolerably executed, but the carv- ing wants relief. A continuation of the same gallery crosses the west end of the Church, and above this latter branch is a smaller gallery, with a plain front, which contains the organ and seats for the charity children.
The chancel is separated from the Church by an obtuse arch. The mouldings are continued from the jambs to the nrchivoit without inter- ruption. The ceiling is vaulted in imitation of stone, and groined with arches and cross springers, at the in- tersections plain bosses. Below the window sill is the altar screen ; it con- sists of six perpendicular divisions with arched heads covered with og^e cano- pies ; between each is a buttresa capped with a pinnacle, and behind the cano- pies a series of niches, the whole crowned with an embattled cornice. The usual inscriptions occupy four of the compartments, and two are vacant; the screen is executed in composition, in imitation of Bath stone. In the wall at the side of the screen is a /t»- t filed doorway, from which, and other
1899.] St. Johns and St. PauVi Churches, Uliugton.
n
iadicatioos, it is evident that the ahar if unfinished ; and did we not know that Mr. Barry possesses too much knowledge of sacred architecture to leave this part of a church in a plainer state than the nave, and that he is too well acquainted with Pointed architec- ture to admit of any doorway but an arched one, we should be inclined se- Tcrely to criticize this deviation, but we suspend our complaint against the Daked appearance of the chancel in the present mstance, because, seeing what Mr. Barry has done at Brighton, and in the Church which forms the sub- ject of the ensuing article, it would not Berhaps be fair to censure what we Have no doubt the architect would have avoided, had he been able. With- in the ahar rails are two chairs for the officiating clergymen, designed on the model of the Coronation chair.
Jn the great window are the Royal arms, encircled in the garter, aud sur- mounted by the regal crown, executed in a style closely resembling the an- tloue. The introduction of this beau- tiful morceau raises a wish that the arms of the Bishop, &c. were added, until the whole of the window was filled op in a corresponding style, which would then have a splendid efiVct.
The designs of the pulpit and read- ing desk, for they are copies of each other, are marked with the highest ex- cellence. An octagon pedestal of good proportions, each face of which is en- riched with per|)endicular panels, is surmounted by a succession of mould- ings gradually increasing in size until they form a base to the pulpit, which keeps the same form, and is decorated with upright panels of a richer cha- racter than the pedestal. The bold relief of the mouldings approaches to the excellence of original works of the period ; but here we have to regret, that in a building possessing so much excellence, this stupid innovation has been allowed to creep in. We have al- ways objected to two pulpits, even in a Grecian Church ; out in an old English edifice to witness such an ni- novation makes our very eyes to ache. If the Parish Committee, or the King's Commissioners, have directed this mo- dern arrangement, the architect is ex- cused; if Mr. Barry is chargeable with the fault, we trust he will avoid it for the fbtare. The service of the Church is to be read from a desk, and not a
pulpit ; and bating the impropriety of the alteration, let any of the new Churches, with their two pulpits, be contrasted with the old arrangement adhered to still in most of the churches built by Sir Christopher Wren, and the comparison will certainly manifest the superiority of the old ond approved custom above idle and fanciful altera- tions, to suit modem ideas' of uni- formity.
The font is small, but the design is very chaste. It is an octangular basin with a quatrefoil panel, enclosing a flower on each face, and is sustained on a pillar of the same plan. It assi- milates exceedingly well with the Church/-and is in itself a very pleasing design. As a proof of the taste of the architect, we cannot quit the Church without noticing the neat screens which hide the staircase and room at the sides of the lower story of the tower: the designs are good, and the idea ex- cellent i we only wish the funds had been sufficient to render the execution equally so.
The church -yard is inclosed with a dwarf wall, surmounted by a stone copihg, and adds by its simplicity to the antique character of the Church.
The first stone was laid on the 4th of May, 1820, and it was consecrated by the present Archbishop of Canter- bury, then Bishop of London, on the Si\ 'of July, 1828. The number of persons accommodated are 1782, and the estimate is the exceedingly low sum of 11,613/. 5ff. 7d.
St. Paul's Church, Ball's Pond.
Architect, Barry.
The design of the present Church is so nearly similar to the last described, that much of the descriptive portion of the buildino; is anticipated, it is built of brick and stone, like the lastchurch, but differs in the plan, inasmuch as the tower is placed at the east end. In the addition of staircase and vestry room projections, the architect has displayed an equally bold defiance of dull uni- formity wiih those admirable architects whose works he almost rivals. The present structure is not so regular as the last, but in some respects It has a bolder character. The principal front, owing to its local situation, is the eastern one. The lower story of the tower forms a porch ; the front is oc- cupied by a bold Pointed arch, with
12
St. PauVs Church, BaWs Pond, Islington,
[Jan;
moulded architrave, the mouldings (lying into the jambs; the spandrils are filled with the Tudor rose, encircled with a profusion of foliage. The ceil- injT of the porch is groined, and in the side walls are doorways communicat- ing with the stairs to the galleries. In the second story is a very neat window of three lights, with arched heads, en- closing five sweeps ; the head of the arch is occupied by perpendicular di- visions, and finished by a sweeping cornice. To this succeeds the clock dial, the very figures of which are an- tique, with a cross in lieu of the XII. The upper story is entirely clear of the Church ; and, except in some minor particulars, which are easily distin- guishable in the engraving, it resem- bles the tower of the last church. The north aisle is made by buttresses into six divisions; all, except the one nearest the west, contain windows, copies of those described in the last subject, but the pinuJicles at the an- gles are omitted. The clerestory has five windows. The aisles, like the last subject, fall short in length at both extremities. As the west end of the south aisle is an attached polygonal staircase, lighted by small windows. The west end of the nave has double
obtuse arches, their spandrils filled with upright open divisions with tre- foil heads, and the whole crofwned with an embattled cornice ; the same mixture of plaster and wood is, how- ever, to be regretted. The clerestory windows, organ, and galleries, agree with the last Church. The fronts of the lower gallery are here ornamented with narrow perpendicular panneh, with cinquefoil heads.
The decorations of the altar are, however, far more magnificent. In that wall of the tower which is within the Church, is formed a lofty arch, high enough to embrace two stories of its elevation ; the jambs and archivolt are canted and relieved by og^e mould- ing, in a simple but bold style; the lower part is occupied by a handsome screen, and the upper by a deep recess, covered with a groined ceiling. The altar screen is in imitative stone, it consists of seven divisions made by but- tresses, and each covered by a canopy, in the style of the altar tombs of the fifteenth century. The three central divisions are recessed, and in conse- quence the buttresses are omitted, the arches springing from pendants. In the recess, which has a groined ceiling, is placed the altar; the two succeeding
buttresses at the angles, ending in pin- divisions are niches, and form seats for
nacles. The elevation is made by a the officiating clergyman. The exte-
st ring course into two stories; in the rior divisions contain the decalogue,
lower is the principal doorway ; it is a and here the antiquarian skill of the
simple Pointed arch, the sweeping architect is displayed in the letter and
cornice resting on busts. The door is style of the inscriptions, which is the
neatly and appropriately carved in black letter of the 15lh century. The
compartments, in the style of the win- dows. On each side are loop-holes, giving light to small apartments within- side. In the upper story is a window of four lights, divided by a transom, the head of the arch filled with per- pendicular divisions. Over this is a small quatrefoil aperture, and the ele- vation is finished with a gable and cross, copied from the other example. In the west end of the north aisle, which is unencumbered bv a staircase, is a window of a single light. The north front of the Church is in its ge- neral features siunlar to the southern.
The Interior,
In its detail, clo-?ely resembles the last described Church. There arc, however, on each side only five arches ;
initial letters are red, and are illumi- nated with leaves and flowers; the small letters are black ; and the fi- gures denoting the numbers of the Commandments are blue: the enrich- ments in blue and red have a singular effect, and the entire inscription pos- sesses the appearance of a MS. of the same age as the Church purports to be. Behind the canopies are a series of up- right panels, and these are surmounted by a cornice, which is splayed up to a breast-work, also of stone, but in a somewhat plainer style ; it belongs to a pew or gallery situated over the porch in the basement story of the tower, and has the effect of giving an additional height and value to the screen ; it is made into five divisions by tall pedes- tals crov\?ned with pinnacles, each di- the trusses which sustain the ceiling of vision forming an ornamental panel: the nave are of a n»ore ornamental in the three centre are the letters IHS. character than in the last ; they form in Roman letters. From the lozenge
1839.]
St, PauVi Church, BalVt Pond, Islington.
13
which forms the horizontal member of the central letter, rises a cross flory. The three letters and cross are hand- soi^ely painted in an ethereal blue, relieved with red, edged with gold, and ornamented with flowers in white. The recess above the altar is lighted by the eastern window, and adds to the effect of the screen below ii by the depth of its shadow, and the whole is heightened by the arms of his pre- sent Majesty in stained glass, so ad- mirably executed, as to be in perfect keeping with the Church. The arms in the carter, surmounted by the crown, fill the centre compartment; the side one contains the lion and the unicorn, holding banners; that of the 6 rst sup- porter being charged with a rose, and that of the second with a thistle. The rest of the glass is lozenge shaped panes diapered. The splendour of the deco- rations of the altar of this Church are sufficient to acquit the architect of the charge of wilful neglect Ip this parti- cular. The whole forms so appropriate, and in modern churches so unusual, a finish to the interior, as to leave a hope that it will draw the attention of the higher authorities to the consideration of the ex|)edicucy of more appro- priately ornamenting this portion of the Church.
The same impropriety occurs in this Church, in regard to the pulpits, as pointed out in the other ; in the pre- »ent, the designs are not so elegant as in the other; they exhibit an open frame o( four arches, sustaining a square pulpit, each face occupied by a handsome quatrefoil panel highly enriched ; with this exception, the wood- work is in general of a more correct character than at the other church, and more attention appears to ha\e been paid to the keeping of the design in the present Church.
The font is a counterpart of the one in the church last described. It is si- tuated in a pew beneath the lower western gallery, and divided from the Church by a Pointed arch, which with two others forms a kind of triple entrance.
The first stone of this Church was laid on th^ 15th Sept. 18^6, and it was consecrated by the present Bishop of London, on the 23d of Oct. 1828. It will accommodate 1793 persons, and tbc estimate, like the last church, is equally lo^, being 11,206/. ]4i. jd.
The site was given by the Marquis of Northampton.
Having now concluded our survey of Mr. Barry's Churches, it only re- maiufito observe, that they present very^ correct specimens of the style of archi- tecture which prevailed in the begin- ning and middle of the fifteenth cen- tury. Among modern specimens they deserve to stand in the highest rank ; and, when the smallness of the esti- mates is considered, the superiority of the Pointed style above modern or Grecian architecture, as it is usually termed, both for cheapness and effect, must be apparent to all. If the esti- mates of^ the numerous modern churches already described in our pages be compared with the present. It will be seen how much more is given for the money in the present class of buildings.
On the Sunday after the consecra- tion, the Church was opened for the public services, and on that occasion the Vicar of the parish, the Rev. Daniel Wilson, preached an excellent sermon from 2Cor. ch. vi. ver. l6, 17, 18. In concluding his discourse, after noticing individually the various persons who had been engaged in the building of the Church, and adverting in the most feeling terms to tTie advantages which the erection of a new Church would brin^ upon the district, in the regular admmistration of the Sacraments and Services of the Church of England, and the re!»ide[ice of a Minister — the preacher stated a fact, that, to every well-wisher to the Establishment was a most agreeable piece of intelligence, viz. that the three Churches had pro- ceeded from the commencement of the undertaking to the completion without the least opposition from the parishion- ers, without any of those unhappy dis- sentions which have in too many in- stances followed the proposition for in- creasing theChurch accommodation. If this desirable unanimity was brought about by the exertions of the excellent Vicar, as no doubt was the case, it argues well both for the parishioners and their pastor ; and much it is to be regretted that a similar good understanding does not everywhere exist between bene- ficed clergymen and their flocks. The rev. gentleman embraced the opportu- nity of urgently pleading for the Incor- porated Society for enlarging Churches, &c. The important work in which it^
14
Round Tower in ike Isle of Man,
[Jan.
was engaged, and the benefits likely to result from the increase of Churches by the means of this Society, were urged with an earnestness and an energy which did honour to the preach- er's heart and understanding; and the collection from an exceedingly crowd- ed church considerably exceeded the amount of the preacher's expectations.
We have not space to do justice to Mr. Savage's Church, to which we will recur on a future opportunity.
E. I. C.
Dublin, Dec. 22.
AMERE 'Triton of the Min- nows' in archaiological study lays his mite for acceptation at Mr. Urban's feet, in the hope that he will permit his widely diffused Miscellany to be the medium of introducing to the public a recent discovery of a
* Round Tower,' one of the * Turres ecclesiasticse quae, more patrio, arciae sunt et altae, necnon et rotundae' of Giraldus Cambrensis, in the Isle of Man, unnoticed hitherto as such by any writer, not even by those cele- brated men who made similar objects in Ireland and Scotland their peculiar study, and laboured with ardent and inveterate industry to ascertain their number, origin, and use.
Mr. Urban, whose antiquarian en- thusiasm has been often awakened, durtno; a long and eventful life, in like pursuits, can well appreciate the plea- surable sensations with which the first unexpected glance of my (I could al- most say) countryman inspired me. Having conquered the shock my sensi- bilities received, and sobered down its consequent excitement to plain and rational fact, I venture to put forth my claim to the discovery, and the reason why so remarkable a remain should have, for eight or ten centuries, -eluded the eye of the casual visitor, and the more curious one of the Ar- -chaiologist ; and that the aforesaid
• Triton * is the first person who see- ing, knew its proper station in anti- quity, and, with Mr. Urban*s fostering aid, gives it ' a local habitation and a name.'
At the close of last summer, an in- telligent friend and the writer, after a pedestrian excursion into * Cambria's Classic ground,' directed our course homeward. At Whitehaveti we got on board the steamer for Douglas, and
reached it after a protracted voyage of ten hours. Our business being more with ancient than modern affairs, we flew off at a tangent to what are usually denominated the ' Laxey-cloven stones,' a large cairn surmounted by three perpendicular stones, and en- circled at the base by an arrangement of smaller ones. Some distance on- ward, looking towards Ramsey, the road divides a more extensive enclo- sure, with some tall pillars protruding through the area of the circle. * The Age of hillocks' has many memorials in this island.
From Ramsey the road takes a west- ernly direction to Kirkmichael, near which is the Bishop's palace. At the entrance to the churchyard stands the celebrated monumental stone, the in- scripiion on which my countryman Beauford rendered * For the sins of Ivalfir, the son of Dural, this Cross was erected by his mother Aflride.' On its western side are the Ionic cha- racters deeply and clearly engraven. From hence * to the Tynwald,' a Druidical hill, illustrative at the pre- sent day of the ancient destinations and use of similar mounds in Great Britain and Ireland. The town of Peel lies about three mile^ onward, the ' ultima Thule' of my discovery. About l60 yards from the town, and separated from the main land by a narrow arm of the sea, is * the Holm,* or, as the Manx more usually call it, * the Peel,' a rocky island of two or three acres sur- face, on which are the ruins of some ecclesiastical buildings; among others, the Cathedral, built in the 13th cen- tury, and dedicated to St. Germain the first Bishop of Man, the architecture of which is a mixture of the Saxon and Gothic. West of it is St. IPa- trick's Church, of ruder style, and evi- dently of greater antiquity. St. Patrick is said to have converted the Manx in 445, but at what period the dedication took place is not recorded. About 60 yards westward of this latter building stands the • Round Tower,' like the Dioclesian pillar of Alexandria, in lonely and contemplative solemnity. It is built in regular courses of red grit stone, in common with the other erections on the island, to the height of nearly 55 feet. The door, like its numerous brethren in Ireland, is placed several feet from the ground, and is at present approached by a flight of step* of comparatively late structure. On
18^0
Round Tower in the hit of Man.
15
looking up ihe cylinder the remains of joists, which, in Grose's time si]p« ported the different floors, spring from the side; but whether they are the ori* ginal or not, cannot now be ascertain- ed. In Ireland corresponding indica* tions of their interior economy fre- quently occur. The outside, particu- larly tnc west, presents the most re- markable phenomenon of decay that I have ever observed in any standing ruin ; it suggests to the mind the sec- tion of a vast honeycomb bereaved of its contents. To a considerable depth the stones in many places have abso- lutely been washed out of their beds, leaving nothing but the pure white cement which once enclosed them, to describe their original outline and pro- jection, as the wax preserves the edge and form of the emptied cell. The spectator stands amazed that the ' war of elements' has not long since laid it in the dust, and fears that, whilst the eye is surveying its tottering bulk, the venerable pile may become his monu- ment. Immediately under its tall over- hanging battlemented cap are four windows placed opposite the cardinal points ; however, much stress is not to oe laid on this latter circumstance, not- withstanding what many writers assert on the subject, as in many of them in Ireland both the number and the direc- tion vary. I shall now as briefly as possible , stale my opinion why the subject un- der investigation has not hitherto been classed with the * Torres ecclesiasiicae ' of Ireland and Scotland.
The first genuine antiquary who made a tour of the island, was the justly celebrated Grose, whose visit look place in 1775. At that time he had not been in Ireland, where they are almost * wa/zue,' and he despatches the matter in the following words :
• The small tower seen a little to the west (of St. Patrick's Church), is a wutch-tower or look-out;' and these words are repeated by nearly all suc- ceeding writers. The secret is, that those persons only who have made the.
• Turres ecclesiasiicae' familiar to their eyes and understanding, will unhesi- tatingly pronounce the genus of that in Man, whilst all others account it * a part and parcel' of the other buildings on the island. Viewing it from the main land, such a conclusion may not excite surprise, as the appearance from thence is a battlemented tower rising
over battlemented buildings; but to the experienced eye, on a closer inspec* tion, the illusion vanishes.
It would, I fear, encroach too much on the columns of your invaluable Miscellany, to detail the various opi- nions of the learned on the origin and purpose of those unique structures. If the curious reader can consult Giraldus Cambrensis (secretary to John), Ware, Pococke,Vallancey,Ledwich, and lastly that great antiquary Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart, they will assist him in forming a rational theory on the sub- ject. The conclusion I have arrived at is, that they were built at various pe^ riods between the sixth and twelfth centuries, for belfries attached to reli* gious buildings. And it is a well known fact, that some of them are used as such in this country, and one at Brechin in Scotland. These cir- cumstances, added to their Irish cog* / nomen * Clogachd,' the house of the bell, to my mind, unlock the mystery. Yours, &c. J. S.
Mr. Urban, Jan. 13.
ALTHOUGH your worthy Re-^ viewer Ifas, in p. 430 of the Ma- gazine for November last, duly exposed the arrogant ignorance of the celebrated Danish Professor, I am not without hopes that he will receive a further wholesome castigation at the hands of my learned and excellent friend Mr, Hamper, should that gentleman con- descend to incur the risque of defiling them by meddling with so much dirt and illiberality. So far as regards the entire acquiescence on my part in Mr. Hamper's explanation of the inscrip- tion, it was founded j)artly in the con- fidence I felt in the acknowledged skill of Mr. Hamper in the Saxon language, and partly in the singular coincidence of Professor Magnusen's application oT the characters on the ring with that of Mr. Hamper.
The celebrated Professor has triumph- ed in his wonderful but accidental discovery of the Welsh meaning of the word ERYRi, which in another part of his graceful epistle he most cotk^ sistently splits into two words. Sup- posing it, however, to be only one, may we not conceive, without any great stretch of imagination, that Pro- fessor Magnusen, who had already ad- mitted that two of the lines were Dano- Saxon, would tumble into an apoplexy at the sound of the tremendous WeUa
16 Runic Inscription on Mr^ Cumberland- $ Ring, — Hist, of Bucks. [Jan.
word? It was, however, very fortu- nate for M. Magnusen, that no more Welsh words could be conjured up by the hocus-pocus incantatiou of the ce- lebrated prof essor, and it is no less un- fortunate for the latter that the stone of the ring in question is not a Welsh or any other iEiites, but Jasper, pure Jasper.
As to my useless dissertation on the Runic ring, the object of which has been most ignorantly misconceived by the celebrated Prti/'essor, it certainly may be useless to those who do not understand it ; not that I am vain enough to suppose that it may be very useful to those who do. It has little connexion with the ring, the Runic inscription on which suggested that a few remarks on the various uses to which Runes were anciently appiied, might be acceptable to some of those readers who are not celebrated Profes- sorst and to whom they were more im- mediately addressed ; or perhaps the Professor may have been misled by the title of the paper, which was not the author*s.
As to Welsh inscriptions in Uunic letters, I am persuaded that many per- sons would feel highly gratified in being informed by any profound W^elsh Anti- quary, such as that gentleman who has been sojustly complimented by your Re- viewer, where they are to be met with, and how and when they were adopted. It is not enough that we should be told that these letters were used by the an- cient Britons, or mysteriously by the Druids: we want something like sub- stantial, and not shadowy evidence on the occasion. I am aware that at the modern Bardic meetings, certain tes- serae carved on wood in Runic, or si- piilar characters, are made use of; con- cerning which any satisfactory infor- mation would be truly acceptable.
I shall beg leave to conclude with an anecdote concerning foreign profes- sors, and of the estimation in which they are sometimes to be held. About two years ago a person called on me, who stated himself lo be a professor of Archasology ,• He wa& delegated by an- other prolessor to obtain leave to tran- scribe a French manuscript, the con- tents of which the other was desirous of introducing into some wprk that he had in hand. The manuscript, which was of the fourteenth century, and very neatly and legibly written, was accordingly entrusted to the Archseo* ist, who returned it in a day or two.
admitting, that being wholly unable to read it, he could make no use of it.
Now whether my visitor was the celebrated Prof essor who has given rise to this communication, I am not able to state; but as he has taken upon him to criticize our Archaeologia with such exceeding liberality, it is not unfair to presume that he may likewise be a Pro- fessor of Archaeology, There is one piofessor at Copenhagen well known to me, by whom archaeology and urba- nity are equally professed and prac- tised ; but it is impossible that he can be the danvs of the letter to the Fo-
reign Review.
F.D.
Mr. Urban, Shere, Dec. 20.
YOUR Magazine is so generally re- sorted to by all lovers of Topo- graphy^ that they will with pleasure see your announcement of a History of Buckinghamshire, and when they know that it is in the hands of a very respectable gentleman, resident in the county, indefatigable in his researches, and who has been favoured with ac- cess to many important MSS. in hands of gentlemen of the county. The libe- rality in the keepers of public records has been so very generally felt and acknowledged by all authors or com- pilers of such works, that there can be no reason to doubt it on this occasion.
The very moderate price of two guineas for a 4io. vol. containing many engravings, will not be an unpleasant, though not always a concomitant of such a work. A. S.
Will Mr. Hamper favour us with the much desired completion of Mr. Shaw*s Staffordshire?
An Old Subscriber remarks, — Playfair, vol. ix. p. 90, strangely confuses John Rider, who died Bishop of Killaloe, in 1633, (having been appointed to that see in 16*12,) with John Ryder, appointed Bishop of Kil- laloe in 1749, nearly a century after, and who died Archbishop of Tuam in 1776. The latter prelate was first cousin to Sir Dudley Ryder, father of the first Baron Harrowby. — There is something of mystery in the way Playfair alludes to the relation- ship of Thomas Smith (ancestor of Lord Carrington), with the old Lords Carrington; — he states the said Thomas to be related to the last Lord, and to have become pos- sessed of some of his Lordship's estate in that Peer's lifetime ?
S. T. will feel obliged for any information as to the existence of an original portrait of Bishop Thirleby, the only Bishop of West- minster.
1899.]
L 17 ]
MEMOIR OF MR. THOMAS BEWICK. (JViih a Portrait,)
THE lovers of natural history, and of the arts as applied to its illus- tration, have lately sustained a severe loss in the death of Thomas Bewick, the celebrated reviver, or rather in- ventor of a new mode, of engraving on wood. Though the art of cutting or engravingj on wood is undoubtedly of high antiquity, as the Chinese and Indian modes of printing on paper, cotton, and silk. luflBciently prove | though even in Europe the art of ea- graving on blocks of wood may proba^ bly be traced higher than that oTprint- ing usually to called ; and thoiigh in the fifteenth and sixteenth centbnea designs were ezecbted of gfeat beauty and accuracy, as Holbein's "Dance of Death,'* the visnettes and heaid-lelten of the early Missals and Bibles, and the engravings of flowers and shells in Gerard, (xesner, and Fnhschius, afibrd us undoubted proofs ; yet the inspee^ tion of these is enough to prove' that their methods must have been very didercnt from that which Bewick and his school have followed. The prin- cipal characteristic of the ancient mas- ters is the crouing of the black lines, to produce or deepen the shade, com- monly called cross-hatching. Whe- ther this was done by employing dif- ferent blocks, one after another, as in calico-printing and papei^stainine, it may be difficult to say ; but to oroduce them on the same block is. so clifficult and unnatural, that tlioogh Ncsbitt, one of Hewick's early pnpils, attempted it on a ffw occasiims^ and the splendid ' print of Dentatus by Harvey shows that it is not impossible, even on a larfre scale, yet the waste of tiine and labour is scarcely worth the effect pro- duced.
To understand this it may be neces- sary to state, for the information of those who may not have seen an en- graved blork of wood, that whereas the lines which are sunk by the graver on the surface of a copper-plate, are the parts uhich receive the priniin;;- ink, which is nibbed over the whole plate, and the superfluous ink is then scraped and riihbcd off; the linei be- ing then transferred upon the pa))er by its being passed together with the plafe through a rolling-press, the rest being
Gbvt. Mao. January, 1839.
left white;— all the portions of the surface of the wooden block which are intended to be white, are carefully scooped out with burins or gouges, and the lines and other parts which are left prominent, after being inked, like W|>es, with a ball or roller, are transferred to the paper by the com- mon printing-press. The difRculty, therefore, of picking out of the wooden block the mmute sauares or lozenges, which are formed ny the mere inter- section of the lines on the copper- plate, may be easily conceived. The ^at advantage of wood-en-
f raving is, that the tnickness of the locks (which are generally of box, sawed across the grain of the wood,) being carefully regulated by the height 6f the typ^ with which they are to be used, they ire set upon the same pa^ with the types, afad only one ope- ration is required to print the lettcr- firess and the cut which is to illustrate L The greater permanency, and in- deed almost indestructibility, of the wooden block is besides secured, since it b not subjected to any o^'tbe scrap- ing and robbing which ao soon destroys the sharpness c«th^ Kitca upon copper, and there it a faarmoiiy produced in the page by the engraving and the let- 4er-press being - of the ' laaie colour, which very seldiHn ia dM case where copper- plate v^gnetlea are introduced With letier-prtti.
It is difficulty perhapa impossible, to t^cethe history of wood-engraving, its early principle, tbe causei of its de- ay, se. till its productioiu came to link below contempt. But for its re- vival and present state, we are unques- tionably indebted to Mr. Bewick and his pupils.
1 homas Bewick was born Au";. 12, 1763, at Cherry Burn, in the parish of Ovingliam, and county of Northum- berland. His father, John Bewick, had for many years a landsale colliery at Mickley Bank, now in the posses- sion of his sou William. John Bewick, Thomas's younger brother, and coad- jutor with hiin in many of his works, was seven years younger, having been born in 17GO ; unfortunately for the aits, and for society, of which he was an ornament, he died of a consump- tion, at the age of thirty- five.
18
Memoir of Mr* Thomas Bewick.
[Jan.
The early propensity of Thomas to observe natural objects, and particu- larly the manners and habits of ani- mals, and to endeavour to express them by drawing, in which, without tuition, he manifested great skill at an early age, determined his friends as to the choice of a profession for him. He was bound apprentice, at the age of fourteen, to Mr. Ralph Beilby of New- castle, a respectable copper- plate en- graver, and very estimable man. Mr. Bewick might have had a master of sreater eminence, but 'he could not have had one more anxious to encou- rage the rising talents of his pupil, to point out to him his peculiar line of excellence, and to enjoy without jea- lousy his merit and success, even when it appeared in some respects to throw himself into the shade. The circum- stances which determine the fortunes of men, are often apparently acci- dental ; and this seems to have been the case with regard to Mr. Bewick. Mr. Charles Hutton (afterwards the eminent Dr. Hutton of Woolwich, then a schoolmaster in Newcastle,) was preparing, in 1770, his great work on Mensuration, and applied to Mr. Beilby to engrave on copper- plates the mathematical fibres for the work. Mr. Beilby judiciously advised that they should be cut on wood, in which case each figure might accompany, on the same page, the proposition it was intended to illustrate. He employed his young apprentice to execute many of these, and the beauty and accuracy with which they were finished, led Mr. Beilby to aavise him strongly to devote his chief attention to the im- provement of this long-lost art. Seve- ral mathematical worKs were supplied about this time, with very beautiful diagrams, particularly Dr. Enfield's translation of Rossignors Elements of Geometry.
On the expiration of his apprentice- ship he visited the Metropolis for a few months, and was during this short period employed by an engraver ou wood in the vicinity of Hatton-garden ; but London, with all its gaieties and temptations had no attraction for Be- wick. He panted for the enjoyment of his native air, and his indulgence in his accustomed rural habits. On his return to the North he spent a short time in Scotland, and after- wards he became his' master's part- ner, and John his brother became
their joint apprentice. About this time Mr. Thomas Saint, printer of the Newcastle Courant, projected an edi- tion of Gay*s Fables, and the Bewicks were engaged to furnish the cuts. One of these, the old Hound, obtained the premium offered by the Society of Arts, for the best specimen of wood-engrav- ing, in the year \TJ5. An impression of this may be seen in the memoir pre- fixed to ^'Select Fables, 1820, printed for Charnley, Newcastle, and sold by Baldwin and Cradock," hereafter to be mentioned, from which many no- tices in the present memoir are taken.
Mr. Saint published a work, enti- titled *' Select Fables,** as early as 1776, with an indifferent set of cuts. Whether any of them were furnislied by the Bewicks, is not known ; pro- bably not ; but in 1779 came out the Fables of Gay, and in 1784 a new edi- tion of the Select Fables, with an en- tire new set of cuts, by the Bewicks.
It has been already said, that Mr. Bewick, from his earliest youth, was a close observer and accurate delineator of the forms and also of the habits and manners of animals ; and during his apprenticeship, indeed through his whole life, he neglected no opportu- nity of visiting and drawing such fo- reign animals as were exhibited in the different itinerant collections which occasionally visited Newcastle. This led to the project of the '* History of Quadrupeds." It is remarkable that the first cut which he actually engraved with this view, was finished on the 15th of Nov. 1785, the day on which he received the news of his father's death. Preparations for tbe work were gradually making, till in the year 1787 a regular " Prospectus" was issued, ac- companied by specimens of several of the oest cuts then prepared ; but it was not till 1790 that tne work appeared.
In the mean time the Prospectus had the effect of introducing the spi- rited undertaker to the notice of many ardent cultivators of natural science, particularly to Marmaduke Tonstall, esq. of Wycliffe, whose museum was even then remarkable for the extent of its treasures, and for the skill with which they had been preserved; whose collection also of living animals, both winged and quadruped, was very consi- derable. Mr. Bewick was invited to visit Wycliffe, and made drawings of various specimens, living and dead, which contributed greatly to enrich
18129.]
Memoir of Mr. TkomoM Bewick.
19
his subsequent pnblications. The por- traits which he took with him of the wild cattle in Chillin^ham Park, the seat of Lord Taiikerville (whose a^ent, Mr. John Bailey, was also an eminent naturalist, and «ery intimate friend of Mr. Bewick), particularly attracted Mr. TonstalPs attention ; and he was very urgent to obtain a representation upon a larger scale, of these, now unique, specimens of the " antient Caledonian breed.** For this purpose he made a special visit to Chillingham, and the result was the largest wood- cut he ever engraved, which, though it is considered as his chef d^auvre, seems also to show the limits within which wood-engraving must necessa- rily be confined. The block, after a few impressions were taken off, split into several pieces, and remained so till, in the jear 1817, the richly figured border havmg been removed, the pieces containing the figure of the wild boll were so closely clamped together, as to bear the force of printing, and impres- sions may still be had. A few proof impressions on thin vellum of the ori- ginal block have been valued at twenty guineas.
As it obviously required much time as well as labour to collect, from va- rious quarters, the materials for a '* General History of Quadrupeds,*' it is evident that much must be done in other ways in the regular course of business. In a country engraver*s of- fice, much of this requires no record ; but, during this interval, three works on copper appear to have been exe- cuted cniefly by Mr. Thomas Bewick. A small quarto volume, entitled, " A Tour through Sweden, Lapland, &c. by Matthew Consett, eso. the compa- nion of Sir G. H. Liddell,** was fllus* trated by engravings by Beilby and Bewick ; the latter executing all the specimens of natural history, particu- larly the rein deer and their Lapland keepers, whom he had thus the unex- pected op|)ortunity of delineating from the life. During this interval he also drew, and engraved on copper, at the expence of their respective proprietors, "The Whiilev large Ox, belonging to Mr. Edwaru Hall, the four quarters weighing 187 stone;'* and "The re- markable Kyloe Ox, bred in Mull by Donald Campbell, esq. and fed by Mr. Robt. Spearman of Roth ley Park.** The Utter is a very curious specimen
of copper-plate engraving, combining the styles of wood and copper, particu- larly in the minute manner in which the verdure is executed.
At lenzih appeared "The General History of Quadrupeds, the figures en- graved on wood by T. Bewick ; print- ed for S. Hodgson, R. Beilby, and T. Bewick ;*' a work uncommonly well received by the public, and ever since held in increased estimation. Perhaps there never was a work to which the risins generation of the day was, and no doubt the rising generation for many years to come will, be under such obligations for exciting in them a taste for the natural history of animals. The representations which are given of the various tribes, possess a boldness of design, a correctness of outline, an exactness of attitude, and a discrimi- nation of general character, which convey at the first glance a just and lively idea of each difl'erent animal. The figures were accompanied by a clear and concise statement of the na- ture, habits, and disposition, of each animal : these were chiefly drawn up by his able coadjutors Messrs. Hodg- son and Beilby, subject, no doubt, to- the corrections and additions of Mr. Bewick. In drawing up these descrip- tions, it was the endeavour of the puo- lishers to lay before their readers a par- ticular account of the (quadrupeds of our own country ; especially of those which have so materially contributed to its strength, prosperity, and happi- ness ; and to notice the improvements which an enlarged system of agricul- ture, supported by a noble spirit of generous emulation, has diffused throughout the country.
But the great and, to the pablic in general, unexpected charm oi the His- tory of Quadrupeds was, the number and variety of the vignettes and tail- pieces with which the whole volume IS embellished. Many of these are connected with the manners and ha- bits of the animals near which they are placed ; others are, in some other way, connected with them, as beins intended to convey to those who avail themselves of their labours some mo- ral lesson, as to their humane treat- ment, or to expose, by perhaps the most cutting possible satire, the cruelty of those who ill-treat them. But a great proportion of them express, in a way of dry humour peculiar to him-
so
Defence of Evangelical Doctrines.
[Jan.
self, the artist*s particular notions con- cerning men and things, the passing events of the time, &c. and exhibit often such ludicrous and, in a few in- stances, serious and even awful combi- nations of ideas, as could not perhaps have been developed so forcibly in any other way.
From the moment of the publication of this volume, the fame of Thomas Bewick was established on a founda- tion not to be shaken. It has passed through seven .editions, with conti- nually growing improvements. {To be continued.J
Mr. IJRBAlf,
THERE is a writer in your Maga- zine, whose ** products of imagi- nation" have often influenced my risible propensities. He is sometimes very wise, and at others affects great serious- ness. Sometimes he soars, sometimes he entreats, sometimes he abuses, sometimes he "affirms,*' and sometimes he pleads the privilege, as a member of various learned societies, of setting others right in matters which have as little to do with the wisdom of this world, as light with darkness.
With regard to his first affirmation, I do not consider the authority of Abp. Sharp decisive proof, because I stead- fastly believe that Holt Scripture containeth all things necessary to sal- vation, so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not required of any man that it should be believed as an article of faith.** (Article vi.) Now the Gospel teaches toleration without restriction, as I shall be happy to show when your Corre- spondent manifests a greater disposi- tion to be governed by the dictates of Scripture.
Your Correspondent tells us in his second count, that the regular episco- pal Clergy do not support relicrious societies which the Bishop of the diocese does not patronise — a fact too notorious to need affirmation. Does not he know that '* it is not lawful for the Church to ordain (much less to practise) any thing that is contrary to God*s word written?"
In the fourth affirmation, Antino^ mianism and Evangelicat Religion are confounded. The- first I believe to be a vile heresy — the second, as it is in other words the Religion of the Gospel, cannot teach anti-scriptural doctrines. jdntinomianism loay abound ; but this v
fact should not be made the occasion of attack against so pure, peaceable, and wholesome a dispensation as that of the New Testament undoubtedly is.
What credit is due to the judicious Prelate mentioned in the^^/A affirma- tion, I leave to the decision of your readers, after premising that this is the dignitary who thinks Evangelical Preaching a system of public instruct tion without foundation in the Bible !
In the quotation from Mr. Bowles's Poem of Banwell Bill, these lines
occur :
————— " the crimes That shake the earth from its propriety Are moral virtues,"
a sentiment which, as a Clergyman of the Church of England, it is very pos- sible he thought himself justified in pilfering from the Thirteenth Article, ** Works done before the grace of God, or the inspiration of his spirit, are not pleasing to God, forasmuch as they spring not of faith in Jesus Christ, neither do they make men meet to re- ceive grace,** or (as the school authors say) deserve grace of congruity, " yea rather for that they are not done as God has willed and commanded them to be done, we doubt not but they have the nature of sin.** Is it not rather strange that Dissenters, who I suppose are the persons alluded to as presumptuously assuming the priests* office, should hold the doctrines o?i\i& Established Church on this point, whilst the apostolically- descended dignitary kicks against them? Let me tell your Correspondent, what he seems to be entirely ignorant of, that Isaiah says, " all our righteous- nesses are . as filthy rags ;*' and St. Luke, ** Ye, when ye shall have done all those things which are commanded you, say. We are unprofitable servants, we have done that which was our duty to do." Chap. xvii. 10.
The attack upon Prayer-meetings might, with a little pruning, pass for Cobbett*s ; but, as it contains not a word to prove that such assemblies are unauthorised by the Scriptures, I shall say no more on the subject. The facts narrated only prove the truth of a pro- minent doctrine taught by the Evan- gelicals, viz. the total depravity of human nature. And let it never be forgotten, that crime cannot be a con- sequence of religion, which is a work in the heart inducing eminent holi- ness;—-whatever, therefore, issues in
1899.] Evangelical Doctrlnei.— •JEvongt^tcaZ Bribtry.
SI
an tffeci directly contrary, cannot bear any affinity to it.
That honest writer Palmer, of whom Mr. Bowles speaks rather slightingly, 18 not singular in his opinion that our good works cannot take us to heaven, nor our bad ones prevent it. With regard to the first, the Twelfth Article of the Church of England says, " Good works, which are the fruits of faith, and follow after justification, cannot put away our sins, and endure the seve- rity of God's judgment.*'
That our bad works cannot impose any restriction on God*s mercy, is a doctrine fully illustrated by the ex- amples of Manasseh, Zaccheus, Paul, and the penitent thief. Let me not be misunderstood. I believe (as stated in the twelfth article) that " good works are pleasing and acceptable to God in Christ ;*' but, as " they do spring out necessarily of a true and lively faith," I maintain that those who have faith, cannot live in the practice of sin, since all who commit wickedness give evidence by so doing that they possess not that true faith which can no more produce evil fruit, than a thorn can bring forth grapes, or a thistle figs.
Your Correspondent affirms, that the doctrine of original sin, as implying the total depravity of man, is thoroughly confuted by Bishop Tomline, who I suppose subscribed to the truth of this sentence, " The condition of man after the fall of Adam is such, that he cannot turn and prepare himself by hit own natural strength and good works to faith, and calling upon God." Art.X.
This affirmation is further remarkable at one of the few in which your Cor- respondent has quoted from Scripture, in support of his opinions. He tells us that Saint Paul refutes the doctrine in question, when he says, that a roan may do hy nature the things contained in the law. But does be say, that works so done are of power to effect his salvation ? Are they not exactly of that description mentioned in the 13th Article before referred to?
Neither Bishop Tomline, Dean Graves, nor Mr. Bloomfield, are com- petent to refute the doctrine of Predes- tination, which must stand or fall by the decision bf Scripture — to say no- thing of their consistency in broaching such opinions after subscribing the Seventeenth Article, "of Predestination and Election."
Your Correspondent ajfirms, that he
has been tampered with to join the Evangelicals! — undoubtedly the worst charge he has established against them.
He taxes them with supporting the doctrine of exclusive salvation. Does he not know that he that believeth on the name of the Son of God, shall be saved — he that believeth not shall be condemned ? He is angry with them for putting their sickles into other men's harvests. Does he not know that Evangelicals, like their easiest and holiesrexamples, are to be *' fishers of men ?**
There are many other qffirmations touching interpolations of the Liturgy, removing Communion Tables and Fonts, writing abusive letters, chalking doors, insulting dignitaries, concocting reviews with much labour, and after all, having them rejected because they were too bad even for the poor tra- duced Evangelicals, those " praying villains,'* and *' roaring lions or hypo- crisy,*' with many other things " both singular and diverting,*' which I shall have much pleasure in noticing more at length when 1 have time and oppor- tunity.
An Evangelical, and therefore NO Antinomian.
Mr. Urban,
Jan. 8.
I SHALL now undertake a vindica^ tion of the criminatory allegations made in the Review department ;pf your Magazine, concerning the Bible and Jew Conversion Societies.
The first char^ made asaintt them was that of having bribed editors of newspapers to prevent the admission of articles written against the Society. This charge is evad^ by a Mr. Tarn, who styles himself Assistant Secretary, in this prevaricating manner, viz. noi saying that the measure deprecated was never practised ; only, ** that no luch measure was ever resorted to by the committee or officers of the Society,'* (See Suffolk Chron. Nov. 8, 1828.) In reply,
I AFFIRM, that I have in my pos- session a letter from a gentleman of unquestionable character, concerning the proceedings at one town only, (Cheltenham) wiih full names, which of course I shall only designate by A. B. &c. Whether the bribery be di- rect or indirect, it is still bribery ; and the difficulty, under the statement b»-
^
Bribery of the ^itish and Foreign Bible Society, [Jto'^
loWy is not bow to believe the accusa- tion, but bow to disbelieve it.
"Mr. A. ihe editor of tbe
did refuse to publisb an appeal to the people of Cheltenham, about the folly of subscribing 200/. per ann. to the Jew Conversion Society alone during the last panic, when all the builders' peo- ple were turned loose, and without employment or subsistence, upon the town ; and he refused, cm these grounds, viz. that he received 10/. per ann. from this Society, and 10/. from the British and Foreign, with the uri- derstanding, that it would be with- drawn, if articles unfavourable to their cause were admitted. These sums w^re paid as for advertisements, printing bills, &c. B.'s newspaper at Chehen- ham has the same understanding, and admits no reports, but from the Socie- ties themselves, all which you must see are puffs. — Another editor put a
paragraph into the [another
Cheltenham paper] against the Jew Conversion subscriptions at the time, and upon the grounds I mention, but
Dr stated to me, that the Rev.
Mr or some of the parties afid
agents of these Societies, waited upon him [the editor], and promised him his share of printing, since which he will not insert a line to their disfavour. — D. a printer at Cheltenham, pub- lished a pamphlet for a gentleman, which was unfavourable to the Jew Conversion people ; and their agent E, a dissenting preacher, called upon him and told him he would lose his busi- ness for doing this, and withdrew ever since the share which he had in print- ing for them. In fact, they have got the whole provincial press of the country with them by direct or indirect bribery."
I AFFIRM, that the Bible Society does suppress facts connected with the disposition of its funds ; for, though the above remunerations to local printers and editors may be deducted from the gross receipts at each particular town, yet no account of such deductions is ever given to the public ; and, more- over, the Edinburgh Committee (see Quarterly Review, No. lxxi. p. 4,) charges the London Committee with concealment of the sum o( three thousand two hundred. and seventy- seven pounds, in their official schedule of expensse. .
I AFFIRM, upon the authority of the Quarterly Review (ubi supra), that in their pretended translations of the Scriptures^ they htve rejected the aid"
dnd advice of the " Bishops or learned Clerks of the Church of England,** stnd emp\oytd sectaries only ; for instance, an apostatized clergyman from the Es- tablished Church, and an ftinerant preacher among the Calvinistic Me- thodists, in the Welch translation (Quarterly Review, p. 7); Moravian Missionaries for the Calmuck transla- tion (id. p. 12) ; Baptist Missionaries for the Indian (p. 13) ; ignorant natives ofGfeorgia, for that country; riff eating the translation of the Archbishop of Astrachan, voluntarily offered to them (id. p. 21), and so forth ; all or nearly all which translators *' never received the beneBt of a regular and learned education,*' nor in some instances evea understood a word of Hebrew or Greek, until the office of translatioti was imposed upon them. (Id. p. 21.)
I AFFIRM, that they have fed and pensioned a Dr. Leander Von Ess, to aid the circulation of a Romish copy of the Scriptures, in which the sacrea text is purposely corrupted ; and that the Quarterly Reviewers say, *• It ia iiiipossible to calculate either the ex- tent or the duration of the injury ef- fected by the circulation of incorrect and unauthorized versions of the sa- cred records ;'* and that the College of Calcutta was founded with the view of counteracting their injurious effects, (id. pp. 22, 23.)
I AFFIRM, that among the foremost of the Society's continental supporters appear many individuals notorious for entertaining heretical or infidel opi- nions, and that they have patronized versions of the Scripture, purposely adulterated, to meet the ideas of these men. Of this gross breach of com« mon honesty, the Quarterly Reviewers speak thus:
''The managing Committee have been recently arraigned, with considerable seve- rity, for employing the services of such men [the heretics and infidels alluded to], and they have met the charge, not by a direct denial) but by an inference, that men who render themselves active in the circulatiMi of the Bible, cannot hold the opinions as- cribed to their foreign agents. We mutt, however, be allowed tu observe, that this ingenious inference is by no means enough to invalidate the imputation which they wish to remove. We can conceive the utmost activity in promoting the circulation of ver- sions executed upon the Earl-street system, to be perfectly compatible with the views of men who hold the same dangerous opinions. It is almost too obvious to require a nnuJkf
1899.]
Bribery of tht Jew Conversion Society*
U
that the circulation of iacorrect vemona of the Bible must open the door to the intro- duction of the most efficient means of un- dermining the authority of the Bible itself Acting under the protection of the Bible Society, the persons in question have already succeeded in malting serious innovations in the received versions; under the sanction and at the expence of this Society, editions of the Bible have appeared in different parte of the Continent, purified of the passages which gave offence to the philosophers. Mr. Na£laoe and Dr. Andrew Thomson of Edinburgh have proved these things beyond the possibility of dispute. When the Ma- nagers, therefore, exult in having enlisted under the banners of the Society the self- styled philosophers and nosologists of the Continent^ we must request them to mode- rate their triumph. The Directors fondly imagine that they use their philosophical agents as tools, to promote their own views s in this design they have, however, been completely outwitted ; the tables have been turned upon them ; they have been the dupes of a set of encyelopedisU, who have quietly availed themselves of the influence and resources of the Society in the promo- tion of their own purposes." Id. p. %6,
I therefore affirm, that the true h<ma Jide title of this Institution is, the "Society for the circula- tion OP SPURIOUS VERSIONS OF THR
Scriptures.'*
I AFFIRM, upon the authority of publications concerning India, and Air. Rae Wilson's Travels, that Bi- bles are sent abroad by thousands, and used or sold in wholesale for waste paper; and that the passages proving this affirmation have been published in the Review department of this Ma- gazine.
I AFFIRM, that the Rev. Stephen Hyde Cassan, in a certain pamphlet, styles the Bible Society an organ of ickism; and in proof I add that, though they refuse to circulate the Church of England Prayer Book with the Bible, they accompany such deli- Tery (at least certain sects of them) with fanatical tracts.
I AFFIRM, that the majority of the subscribers are decided sectaries, and that no clergyman of the Church of England can join them without a de- viation from the integrity due to his order, for the reasons thus given by the Quarterly Rev ie wen :
** That learned clerks and venerable pre- ktet, whoee education and pursuits must have made them thoroughly acquainted with the priaeiplcs on which all previous vtrsftOBS of aay authority have been exe-
cuted, shonid hate lent the sanctioa of tk•i^ names to translations such as theee, fhia indeed is an anomaly for which it is difficult to account. Nor can we acquit them of blame, although we are thoroughly con- vinced thev cannot be aware of the extent of the evil at which they have permitted themselves to wink The noble and vene- rable individuals who fill the stations of pre- sidents and vice-presidents of the Earl-street Society are all of them entitled to the highest respect, on account of their private worth : they are all of them infinitely to6 conscientious to give knowingly the slight- est countenance to tlie circulation of scrip- tural versions of doubtful authority; but
THEY HAVE ALLOWED THEMSELVES TO BX DECEIVED BY ARTFUL AND DESIGNING MEV^ WHO HAVE USED THEIR NAMES AS A CLOAl^ TO CONCEAL THEIR OWN VIEWS AND PUR- POSES." P. 88.
What these views and purposes are, men who know the world folly under- stand. Of the statements in the Morn- ing Herald of last year. Dr. Thomson's several exposures, &c. I say nothing. I shall therefore proceed to the Jbw
CONTBRSION SOCIBTT.
I AFFIRM, that Dr. Worthington's pamphlet stales very suspicious misre- presentations and concealments.
I AFFIRM, that I have heard of the names and residences of persons who had made very handsome fortunes out of the funds of this Society • but as it is mere report, I hope, on account of its palpable wickedness, that it is un- true. Of this, however, I am certain, that in the body of the Report itself, nearly fourteen thousand pounds pef annum is stated to have been collected, and that this enormous sum, when di- vided by the number of Jews, I believe only two adults, and the rest children, about eighteen or twenty, makes the cost of every converted Jew to be about five or six hundred pounds;—- but even this is not enough, for, by a recent Cheltenham paper, it appears, that further considerable sums are soli..^ cited, in order that every converted Jew may receive an annuity, in recompense of his excommunication by his frater- nity ! Of the success of this mode of conversion, I entertain no doubt ; but for all -that, when i know that there are starving paupers in Ireland and England, I adopt, as to the disposition of my own very humble means, the rule of St. Paul, that preference is due to ** the household of faith." And even admitting that they could buy up the Jews (a very questionable mode of
94
Jeu> Conversion Society."^*' fUndy Saiurday'
[Jan.
confersion), then more money must be raised to convert the Mahometans^ Hindoos, &c. &c. and England is to grant annuities to millions upon mil- lions of persons ! I will not be so un- charitable as to infer, that the project is merely broached as a cover to obtain money, the conversion of the Jews be- ing only a secondary object. But I know that this country is overburdened with debt and pauperism ; and that, under firch circumstances, to take charitable donations from our own people, to be- stow them upon apostates, does not accord with the apostolical instructions, of ** especial" regard to them '* who are of the household of faith.*' Besides, it is not within my knowledge that any account of the disposition of the funds is periodically published and at- tested; on the contrary, I infer that the same privacy is observed here, as in the British and Foreign Bible So- ciety.
In conclusion, I affirm, upon the strength of the authorities quoted, that (I) Evangelical Prbachino demo- ralizes the people ; (2) that the Bible Society circulates spurious versions of the Scriptures ; and that (3) the Jew- Conversion Society diverts charitable funds from objects at home. I see no- thing of similar mischief in the Chris- tian Knowledge Society, to which I subscribe; nor puffing, nor artifice, nor concealment, nor impeachment of in- tegrity, all which deviations from the standard rules of managing public cha- rities have been brought home to the two societies in question, by incontro- vertible proofs. These proofs being established, I have thought it a duty due to the public and the inde|>en- dence of the Magazine, to prevent ^as far as my humble powei's could avail) the former being duped, and the latter enslaved. The principles upon which the Magazine is conducted oeing those of the Constitution in Church and State, and its supporters in the main persons of the first education and re- spectability, it is absurd to expect that its reviewers can sanction the perni- cious crudities of political or religious factionists. I think with Canon Bowles and other high authorities, that the quiet Clergy form the best members of the order; and I am sure that> bustling men create only violent discords, teach the poor to consider their betters (not of their own fanati- cal feelings) as mere heathens, and to substitute violent religious profession
for moral conduct. I could name Evaneelical CJereymen who have warmly patronized servants dismissed for theft, &c. without characters.
The attacks made upon the Editor by anonymous letters, menaces from bodies of fanatics, and other such trickeries, have alone drawn me out^ as / am the sole person to blame. Be- ing a Clergyman of the Established Church, owning no controul but that of my King and the Bishops, and pro- hibited by duty and inclination from encouraging any doctrines but those of my own Church, I ask by what autho- rity I am expected to succumb to Sec- taries, whose defective reason and pseudo- theology I am bound profes- sionally to counteract?
I now leave the unprejudiced and rational part of the public to reflect upon the statements which I have made.
A Member of various learned
Societies, &c.
Mr. Urban, Jan, 6.
WINDY Saturday is one of the popular epochs which is fre- quently mentioned by natives of Scot- land, and yet it is remarkable how very few of them have the least idea when that notable day occurred, or of any of the circumstances attending it. I made inquiry of at least 6fty persons, before I got the stighest in formation, except occasionally something about unroofing houses, which seemed to be rather the result of imagination than of any precise^radition on the subject. At last an old woman informed me, thai " it was a dreadful day of wind lang syne, which blew down one of the Kings of Scotland and killed him." This was all she hrd ever heard, and it pointed immediately to the circum- stances of the death of Kine Alexan- der III. who was killed by fatline over the clifF between Burnt Island and Kin^horn on the north side of the Firth of Forth.
By referring to the annals of that period, it will be seen that this unfor- tunate event occurred on the l6th day of March, 1286, or (to embrace botn the ecclesiastical and civil year) 1285-G, which day will be found -to have been a Saturday.
It does not appear, however, that there was any unusual storm of wind on that day, and the King is said by some to have lost his way during a fall of snow in the dusk of*^ the evening,
1829.]
fVindif Saiurdaff.'^Siege of Carlaverock.
95
«nd to bav« fallen clown ; and not to hare been blown down the cliff by violence.
The popular belief of its having been a Windy Saturday, probably arises from the following story of a prophecy of the celebrated Thomas the Rhymer, whose fame remains undimi- nished to the present day, and which story is thus related in the ancient translation of Hector Boethius, by Bel- lenden :
ti
It it tajd, the day afore the Kiogit deith the Erie of Marche demaodit ane prophet oamit Thomas Rymour, otherwajls namit KrailtoiiDrquhat weder tuld be on the mo- row ? To (|fihoine antwerit this thomat, that oo the morow afore noon sail blow the fffetist wjnd tliat evir was hard afore in Scot- land. Ohn the morow quhen it was oeir noon, the lift (>lr)r) appering lonne (cloudy) bot any din or tempest the Surfe send for this prophet, and reprovit him, that he prognos* ticat tic ^od to be, and nane appearance thairof. lliit Thomas maid litel answer^ bot said, noon is not gane. And inconte- nent ane roan came to the yet (gate), schaw- ing the King was tlane. Than said the prophet, yone is the wynd that shall blan to the gret calamity and truble of al Scotland."
Critics who are sceptical in regard to the prophetic powers so liberally ascribed to the Rhymer to this day by the vulgar, remark, respecting this story that he had probably foretold that there would be a windy day, and as no wind actually occurred, he afterwards availed himself of the circumstance of the King's death to save his credit as a prophet The above story also repre- sents the fatal event to have taken place about mid-day ; whereas other annali&ts state it to have been in the dusk of the evening.
The circumstances of the death of King Alexander were in themselves sufRcient to make a strong |X)pular im- pression, and the more so, as it was l>elie\'ed by some to be a divine judg- ment, because he was going to visit his wife in the season or Lent, in op- position to the rales prescribed by the Church. And as the death of his in- fant daughter occurred soon after, and gave occasion to the contest for the Crown between the factions of Bruce and Baliol, and the desperate struggle for the independence of the country against the invasion of the English, the death of Alexander might very justly be said, in a meuphorical seuse^
GiMT. Mao. January, 1 899.
to be a wind that blew great calamity and trouble to all Scotland.
Here then we have Windy Satur- day explained in a metaphorical sense, as connected with one of the most un- fortunate events in the history of the country, but without any physical commotion of the air.
Perhaps some of your Correspond- ents will be so good as to inform you, if he knows of any other Saturday which can lay claim to the celebrity of the day in question.
1 should also feel obliged if any of your Correspondents would explain when Black Monday, or Mirk Monday, as it is called, took place ; and whether the designation took its rise from a total eclipse of the Sun, or any actual physical darkness $ or whether it was so called on account of any national calamity. The epoch of Mirk Mon- day is very often heard, and not unfre- quently occurs in writings ; but after numerous inquiries, I have been un- able to get the slighest idea when it occurred, either from learned antiqua- ries or old women. Was it the day on which the Earl of Moray, popularly known by the ap|)ellation of the Good Regent, was assassinated ? That event took place on Monday, 23 January, 1570. J. M.
Mr. Urban, Jan. 21.
IT may perhaps be expected that I should notice the letter in your last Number, signed " A Cl«rk of OxENFORD," on the subject of the error into which he presumes I have fallen, by supposing that the '* Siege of Carlaverock'* was written by Walter of Exeter.
Before entering into the question, it is necessary that 1 should correct a mistake which the '* Clerk *' has com- mitted, far more extraordinary than that which be attributes to me, because if I am wrong, I have at least the sanc- tion of authority^ whereas nothing but inexcusable carelessness could have produced the blunder to which I refer. The •* Clerk's" error consists in attri- buting the suggestion that the author of the ••Siege of Carlaverock'* had written a romance, eotiiied *' Guy,'* to Dr. Meyrick. If he will take the trouble to reGcr to the notes to that work, he will Bnd that to every line, and e^'ery hint coiiimunicaied by that writer, his name appears at full
se
Mr. Nicolat on " The Siege of Carlaverockr
V
length ; whereas no name occara at the end of ihe note in which I correct my translation of the line which has given rise to the opinion in dispute ; and in the preface 1 particularly say that
<< As the transUtioa was so uns«iisfiurtorj to himself, the Editor was induced to solicit a gentlemao of the highest reputatton for his acquaintance with the French of the period, and indeed with eterr thing else which is connected with English history, to fiuronr him with his remarks. These will be found in the notes ; and thej merit the reader's attention as much as the readiness and kindness with which they were written claim his acknowlec!gments. It is also just to the learned individual bj whom they were contributed to add, that he b also in- debted to him for the important suggestion that the author of the poem had previously written a romance ' of Guy * ;"
thus clearly distinguishing that *' indi- vidual" from Dr. Meyrick. Nor is it, I think, very crediuble to the "Clerk's'* critical sagacity, that he should suppose I could so speak of that gentleman ; or that I should have feared to wound his modesty by men- tioning his name in that place, when I expressly offer him my thanks in the next page, and affix his name to all his communications.
The suggesiion, as to the anthor of the poem, was made by a gentleman who I believe has translated and pub' lished more Norman French than ever the "Clerk** read t who fully de- serves the remarks I have made on his merits ; and my respect for whose judgment j have properly evinced by adopting his readmg of the passage in preference to my own ; but having at his particular request withheld his name on that occasion, I shall not now shelter myself under his reputa- tion, by naming him.
It is not, however, hy any means dear to me, that the ** Clerk" has made out his case. In the contemporary copy of the poem in the Museum, the passage stands thus :
it ^*\ UDarctDili le conte ^u? Coment lie en ma rime le gu? j^e atooit toe^pn tie lu^ melTour *^aner ot tie rouge colour.'*
And in the copy by Glover, in the College of Arms:
€t ^e IBanoDih le Count 43uib Coment lien ma rime tie 43up ^e atioit tiot^tn tit Itii mellour 5&aniere ot tie rouge coulour,"
Having professed to form tlie text from the latter MS. I ooght to haviB placed a capital in the word Guy in the second line, but i confess I read the passage precisely as the ** Clerk" does; and for reasons which will be stated, attributed no importance to the use of a capital.
My translation is :
<< Guy Earl of Warwick, who of all that are mentioned in my rhyme, had not a better neighbour than himself, bore," &c.
But I did not tliink it necessary to introduce into the translation a word which appeared to me to be used by the author merely to pun on the last word of the first line, as he had done in many instances, and which I con- sidered was that which Roquefort has spelt " Gui.'*
The '• Clerk's*' version is
** Guy Earl of Warwick [rode] as one who in my rime had no one \lit, no neigh- bour] of better figure or appearance than himself.'*
It is scarcely possible that two per- sons could render a difficult |)as^age more nearly alike than has been done by the ** Clerk ** and myself; the only material difference being, that he has introduced what may be deemed an expletive. If then he is right, I also am right ; and this I have no doubt, from the slighting w:^ in which he alludes to other writers, he will think the highest compliment I could receive.
But the suggestion of my learned friend induced me to consider that I was wrong, and I am still of that opinion, in which case the •* Clerk " too must be wrong ; and sorry as I should feel, Mr. Urban, to make your readers believe it uossiblefor him to be fallible, 1 must, for my own justification, en- deavour to shew that I have not acted quite so " hastily *' as I am accused of having done.
The «* Clerk *' is good enough to inform me that the " Romance of Guy'* contains no allusion to the Guy Earl of Warwick mentioned in the Siege of Carlaverock — a piece of intel- ligence as novel and valuable as if he had told me that neither of those pro- ductions f|X)ke of His Majesty George the Fourth, since I am not aware of any one having supposed it did. My acceptation of the Poet's meaning is this, ** Of Warwick the Count Guy, as I have said in my poem of * Guy*,"
18S90
Romance of " Guy Earl of Warwick'*
27
or according lo the conteinporary cop^, " or WarMrick, the Count Guy, as in my rhyme * the Guy\" i. e. " I atiri- bute to Guy Eari of Warwick, who bore^ &c. the same qualities as I attri- bute to Guy in my poem on that per- son."
The *' Clerk " is doubtless aware that the Guy Eari of Warwick who was at the siege of Carlo verock, is said to have been named after the hero of the Romance* ; that there was a kind of hereditary respect entertained by the Beauchamps for that personage; and that Thomas Eari of Warwick, the grandson of the Guy who was at Carlaverock, bequeathed to his son and heir Richard, ** a — wrought with the arms and story of Guy of War- wick, and the sword and coat of mail which belonged to that worthy Knight.'* These circumstances, it is true, prove nothing, but they may be deemed to render it probable that if a " Romance of Guy*' was in existence when the •' Siege of Carlaverock *' was written, the author, and more particularly if he was also the author of that Romance, would in some way associate the Guy Earl of W^arwick of whom he was speaking, with the hero from whom he is conjectured to have derived his name, and whose deeds and fame were sub- jects of emulation to him and his (amily.
It is desirable, in the Brst place, to inquire whether at that moment a •* Ucmance of Guy" existed. Fortu- nately for Bale, copies of that Romance are still preserved, or his veracity would doubtless be more strongly impeach- ed ; and the ** Clerk " will, I think, concede that the copy in the Har- leian MS. 377^, of which an ex- tract is printed among ihe notes to ** the Siege of Carlaverock," bears evi- dence of having been written in the thirteenth, or very early in the four- teenth ceniury. lience we have cause to believe that when the ** Siege of Car- laverock" was composed, there was a romance celebrating the prowess of the celebrated Guy of Warwick. As it is manifest from the " Siege of Carla- Terock," that the author could write a French poem, there is nothing im- probable in supposing that it was not the only effort of his pen ; and %vheri we find that in an age not very prolific in authors^ a " Romance of Guy'' did
'« Dugdale, I. 229.
exist in French Terse, timilar to that used in "the Siege;** that it is ex- tremely likely a reference should in' the particular instance of Guy then Earl of Warwick, be made to that Romanoe ; and that at least according to one copy, the writer speaks of it as " my rhyme," very strong presumpiive evidence is afforded of the identity of the two writers.
The Clerk *s opinion, that the words " ma rime" were used in reference to the poem in which they occur, in the same manner as *' mon serven- tois,** when speaking of Elias de Au- bigny, is douotful, because it is not likely that he would speak of a man being the neighbour^ of another in a poem, though he would naturally^ and might sensibly say, after describing many others, '* I must also mention in my poem Elias de Aubigny,** &c. No one«not possessed of the ** Clerk's" superior sagacity can deny that the pas- sage is obscure, and that whilst the reading in Glover's copy in the Col- lege ot Arms,
«< ^e IDanotcft le Count ^np Coment lien ma time Oe ^up,"
can admit of no other interpretation than that which has produced this correspondence, the readmg in the con- temporary copy in the Museum,
" ©'I U^aretDJIi \t rente ©up Content lie en tna rime Te 0up,"
justifies my original translation, and the translation by the " Clerk ; '* but even that copy may be read '* as in my rhyme, * the Guy."* Your correspondent lays much stress on finding "Guy " written with a small letter instead of a capiul in the Cot^ tonian MS. ; but it is not very indica- tive of acumen to attach any import- ance to that circumstance, for he can- not be ignorant that throughout that copy, in fifteen instances out of twenty, proper names are not commenced with
I It may be observed that the word << voi* •in'* is used in another place in precisely the sense in which I consider it was used in the instance in question, not in reference to situation in the poem, but in the more ob- vious sense, of sitiuition in the line of march. Speaking of St. John and Latimer, it ie said,
" %m\ lour furent et toowtt ©euj^ frere au fiTs le Hoi eouj^in*"
'* Their friends and neighbours were two brothers, cousins to the King's son," &e. P. 4b'. ^
38
Mt. Nicolai on*' The Siege of Carlavefock.
»t
tian.
a capital, for example — *' gutllames de varasours/' *• robert le fia roger," *' langcaslre/' ** odelstane/' ** claver- inge/ " tboroas dc fourneval," •* cs- coce," " karlaTcrock," " carduel," '* in- ^leterre/* •* dureaume," •' esmon dc- incourt/' " fitz mermenduc/' ** bre- taigne/' &c. &c.
The following lines will tend still further to shew that no inference can be drawn from the use of capitals in the contemporary copy,
" 5)irf merToirf et. a:e.
** %t ot toermetle a fauneitf .IQ^rloif,
«• %t 'Cngleterre au Tate! de france."
Having, I hope, said enough to prove that the suggestions that the passage refers to a poem on Guy of War- wick, and that there was cause to be- lieve it %vas written by the author of the ""Siege of Carlaverock,*' were nei- ther made by my friend, nor adopted by me, to the extent to which 1 did adopt them, without sufficient reason, — it is necessary that I should say a few words as to each being the produc- tion of Walter of Exeter.
I am contented to take the *• Clerk V statement, that Bale is the authority on which all subsequent writers have said that Walter of lixeter wrote ^ Life of Guy of VV^arwick, a fact of which I was before aware ; and, supposing Bale's assertion to be correct, 1 would ask whether the circumstance of there being but one work on the subject ever heard of 2, and that work havmg been indisputably written about the period when that person flourished, does not raise a fair presumption that the ** Life** of Guy assigned to Waller of Exeter, was that of which copies are preserved ? I did not require to be told that we have no positive evidence of the fact; but what are the "Clerk's'' grounds for thinking they were not the same? that Bale
— - - ■■
3 I believe there isao e%T\j MS. translation in English of the << Roraaoce of Guy," but admittiD^ that it was of the same age as the French Romance it ii not impossi- ble that Walter of Exeter wrote both. My remarks apply however to the French copy, and which it can scarcely be doubted was the original. It is suggested in the Prefiice to the '* Siege of Carlavernck," that the laboured eulogium on the Bishop of Dur- ham justifies the opinion that the author was a priestf and which agrees with the idea that it was written by Walter of Exe- ter, who was a monk.
does not specify in what form and lan- guage Walter of Exeter's work was composed ; that Warton was evidently ignorant on the subject ; and that Ca- rew throws no li^ht on it. All this amounts to nothm^; and though it may be very convincing to him, i con^ fess it has not that effect on me.
The ** Clerk " seems, howerer, to doubt that Waller of Exeter ever did write the work attributed to him by Bale, simply because the Bishop cites no other authority for his assertion than " Ex Bibliot(iecis,'[^Collections from libraries/ If libraries, by which Bale manifestly meant manuscripis in libraries, be not the source whence such information is to be derived, I must begj the " Clerk*' to instroct me where it is to be found. I feel no difficulty in believing that Bale had seen a copy of the '' Romance of Guy," in which the name of the
Eerson to whom he assigns it occurred ; ecause I cannot persuade myself that a learned prelate or any other man would invent such an assertion, without any possible motive. It seems infinitely more iirobable, even from the state of some libraries, at ** Oxenforde," at the present hour, th^t numerous MSS. nave perished since Bale wrote ; and that, unless some improvement takes place, the *• Clerk " may himself, within less than fifty years, be exposed to a similar suspicion of having ima^ gined what had no foundation, if he alludes in any work to MSS. which are at this moment in one or two Col- leges I could name. «
I am therefore satisfied with oppos- ing the positive assertion of a writer two hundred and seventy years since, for whose labours, whatever may be their imperfections, 1 have the bad taste to feel great respect, to the mere conjec- ture, a conjecture uusupported by a sha- dow of evidence, of, I might say, an anonymous writer. I will not, however, avail myself of such an ad- vantage, and will readily observe, thai I know that anonymous writer to be « intimately acquainted with early ma- nuscripts, and well informed on the subject on which he writes, and that he is consequently highly deserving of the official situation which he holds 1 but conceding this, I cannot attribute more weight to his imsupported hypo- thesis, than io the ipse dixit o( a person who, it ia but fair to conclude, had evidence for his statement which no
1849»]
Si8g9 of Oarknmvck.^Dr. Meyrtck.
fid
longer exists; or which may still be hid in the unexplored recesses of some library, but to which the worms and spiden may have acquired a prescrip- tive right.
Before the subject is concluded, it is just to observe, that on reference to the manner in which I have suggested that Walter of Exeter wrote the Ro- mance of Guy, it will be seen that I have done so hypotheticallyf leaving it to the reader who is put in i>os- session of the whole data, to form his own opinion ; and if, under all the circumstances, I had not said what I have done, I should noi, have fulfilled the duty of an edi- tor. Ai^eeing as I do wiih the " Clerk," that since the publication of ** Roquefort's Glossaire de la LkIu- gue Romaine,'* the knowledge of early French is much facilitated, I might appeal to him whether I overrated the difficulties of translating the poem in my observations in the Preface; and 1 might ask him too, whether he himself was not on one occasion, at least, unable, though then fully dis- |K>sed, to assist me?
The charge of having mistaken the word •* Emlam," a closer inspection of the MS. has proved to be just; and, though unwilling to extenuate an er- ror, I may be permitted to observe, that the mistake, owing to the pe- culiar manner in which the interline- ation is made, is one which even a per- son whose exclusive metier it may have been to collate MSS. might have com- mitted, especially when he found the word so spelt in another copy. It is a subject for regret, and perhaps of sur- prise, that the trustees of the British Mu- seum do not cause et;eii one of the nu- merous librarians of the establishment to attend in the reading-room, to whom reference might be made on doubtful points, and from whom, even if they were not better judges generally than the applicant, information might be obtain- ed, because the direction of a mind and sight undisturbed by previous attention to a particular MS. would in many in- stances remove the difficulties and pre- vent errors. Had this been the case, the Clerk himself would possibly have prevented Guy lam from oeing printed Emlam ; but whilst I agree with him in thinkino; that William Touchet was the Sir W illiam Touchet mentioned in the Roll of Arms which 1 lately published from the Cottonian Md*
Caligula, A. xvii. there is great diffi- cultv in distinguishing him from the William Touchet who was summoned to Parliament from the 28th to the 34th Edw. I. whose arms were very different.'
Your readen Mr. Urban, will, I trust, pardon so long a letter on a sub- ject in which not many of them will feel interested ; and I smcerely lament that neither my genius nor mv taste allow of my imitating your learned correspondent by enlivening the dis- cussion with a series of ptin#.
Nicholas Harris Nicolas,
** Thou shall not hear false witness against thy neighbour.**
Mr. Urban, Cadogan-pl. Jan, S«
(RECOMMEND the above Com- mandment to the serious study of your Correspondent who calls him- self " A Clerk of Oxbnforde.'* If his object was to injure whatever lite- rary reputation I may have acquired, he should have availed himself of some of the many errors I doubtless commit, instead of fabricating a false charge in order to show that Mr. Nicolas paid too great a deference to my opinion. As often as that gentleman was pleased to adopt any remark of mine, he very respectfully acknowledged it by print- ing against it my name. When the ''Clerk of Oxenforde" says, that from " the misconception of a passage in the poem. Dr. Meyrick has founded a conjecture," he asserta a falsehood. If, therefore, '* in a reprint of this ca- rious document in the present day, we have reason to look for greater aoca« racy, particularly since the Dictionary of Roquefort," *• the Clerk" must settle tne question with Mr. Nicolas, who, though accused of too hastily ad- mitting this conjecture on my autho- rity, has probably the means and cer- tainly the ability for repelling such a censure. All that I have to do is, to request this •' Clerk," whom I pre- • sume to be a divine, to read the quota- tion prefixed to this letter more atten- tively than he has done ''the Preface to the Siege of Carlaverock," and not again to use my name in the unwar- rantable manner he has done.
Yours, &c. S. R. Meyrick.
s See Siege of Ctrlaverock, p. t09.
80
On the Diimlerment of Hampden,
[Jan.
Mr. UnBANy ^ Bath, Jan. 12.
I HAVE read with much interest the several accounts inserted in your Magazine of the death and the disinterment of Hampden. Of the former I cannot yet satisfy myself that th^ particulars stated can be exactly depended upon. Of the latter I can- not allow myself to think, without some degree of disgust. Your Corre- spondent Alta RiPA has clearly ex- posed some inconsistency in the narra- tive, and I must confess that the seve- ral accounts delivered by Lord Clareu-
and Mr. Hampden's suflTering great pain for six days," p. 355. Strange, very strange it is, that one of the most correct and attentive readers of history, himself also a patriot, and a true friend of liberty and of his country, should have been induced to perpetuate as a fact that which it seems is now posi- tively contradicted as a falsehood : I mean the inscription set up by Richard Earl Temple in Stowe Gardens, in which John Hampden is expressly re- corded to have "supported the liberties of his country in Parliament, and died
don, and so many other historians, of for them in the field," Now, Mr.
the death's wound s^id to have been inflicted by the enemy, having remain- ed uncontroverted during so many years, makes me still incredulous in regard to the revived story of Sir Ro- bert Pye's pistols. As Truth, how- ever, is or should be the great object of ail literary researches, may I take the liberty of asking, whether it is this same narrative of Sir Robert Pye, the Walpoles and Foleys, to which allu- sion is made in Atmon's Preface to Wilkes's Correspondence, in which amongst the literary productions of that celebrated man, an account of Hampden's death is mentioned, in which he (Mr. W.) •* differs from Lord Clarendon and all the other historians, in describing his wound as not coming from the enemy."
If the affair had rested upon the au- thority of Mr. Wilkes onli/, perhaps there might have been less diflficuliy about it. It will, however, be a great satisfaction, iC some ingenious Corre- spondent of Mr. Urban can supply the particulars of the narrative alluded to, so as to ascertain how much or how little of it is to be ascribed to Mr. Wilkes ; and upon what authority that gentleman made his statement?
I think that it is extraordinary a fact so important as that of the manner of Mr. Hampden's death should have been handed down from generation to ge- neration with an implicit confidence
Urban, if Hampden's wound were the cause of his death, and that wound oc- casioned by the accidentally bursting of his pistol, with what propriety could this sonorous expression have been adopted, as a record of his patriotism. The immortal Nelson fell gloriously in the moment of victory. The gallant Captain Grenville, fatally wounded by a fragment of his shattered ship, afford- ed an illustrious example of calm and dignified submission to his fate : but if the one or the other had diec^ from a cause similar to that which is asserted to have destroyed Hampden, the just tribute of applause which has been paid to them both, would have been mere bombast. I would ask whether Sir Robert Pye concealed the know- ledge of the true cause of his son-in- law's death in order to enhance the value of his services in the cause in which he was engaged ? Where then was his honour? I would ask to what principle of human feeling can it be attributed that the Royalists should have been permitted, without contra- diction, to allow to Hampden all the credit of his having been actually en- gaged with the enemy, if he were known to have been disabled without having 6red a shot? And why the Royalists themselves should have been permitted to enjoy the credit of killing the most heroic of their opponents, if his death were purely accidental ? The
in the correctnessof the history; with- fatalists on both sides were numerous.
out any attempt at contradiction from the time of Lord Clarendon to that of Mr. Britton, in his Delineations of the several Counties: in which last, by the bye, the agreeable and ingenious author, without any suspicion,, as is evident, of being incorrect in his state- ment, mentions ** the shot entering the shoulder, and breaking the bone :
It has not escaped remark that Chal- grave-field, where Hampden mustered his rebellious followers, was the scene of his mortal wound, and figuratively of his death. If, indeed, his w/)und were what is called accidental, how much might have been added to the pathos of the narrative !
Yours, &c. J. W.
Mr. URBAir» SaHsbury, Jan. 8;
31
r. URBAir» aaHthury, Jan* 8; mysdf difSer iu viiews dpon thra $cib-
A VIN6 before described Tan- ject» I most have a few parting words
hill as the Hill sacred to the with him. .- In his last letter he says,
Z«^ Bporroiof of the Cclte, Tanarni?, it that I have •' nibbled**- ttt bis argd-
H
being adjoining to the monument of Tentales ai Avebury, and havingspoken of the great monument at Abuir being raised to thegreatest of thepopular Cel- tic Deities, Teotatts,— or Teut the Cel- tic Mercury, I send you a most singular corroboration of the' veneration in which that Deity was held in Britain, furnished by that justly-esteemed anti- quary Mr. Hunter.
Exiract of a Letter of the Rev. Joseph Hunter, to the Rev, W, L, Bowles:
** Dear Sir, Bath, Dec. 31,1 828.
"Your inquiries give an importance to an inscription found here in I8O9 (the last, except one, that this famous station has produced), which it did not before, at least in my estimalion, pos- sess. And, as it may possibly combine with other facts, or other opinions, in the mind of the writer of " Hermes,** and at all events as it is desirable on every account that it should be in your possession, I shall take the liberty to ofler a copy of it from the stone itself in the crypt of our Institution :
D M
MERC MAGNII
ALVMNA VIXIT AN I
M VI D XII
*' The inscription is perfect, the blanks being left in the original. " If the inscription is to be read
MERCURII MAGNI ALUMNA, it WOuId
appear to be of considerable importance in relation to the religious usages of the Romans generally ; as, although the term ' Alumna' often occurs in Groter, I cannot find that it is ever coupled with the name of a Divinity. This led me to think that merc. mignt l>e an abbreviation of Mercurialis or Mercatius, and that the magnii (where the duplex iota is very evident) might be a part of the name of some private person whose Alumna thus untimely fell.
•' It was found near the North Gate. The character resembles that of the in- scription by Tiberinus engraved in Lysons.'*
Upon the subject of the Celtic Mer- cury, I think your readers will agree that Mr. Hunter's communication is very valuable ; and, as Mr. Duke and
ments ! Negator major. I faiive taken them by the throat, and pinn'd them down ! f:
Ad hoe proband om, sic procdditnr, as the schoolmen say. Syllogi'sttcally thus >*^ • ^
A Fo^s, on which two wheel-bar- rows cannot pass, could not have been a great, public, ancient road !
Two wheelbarrows cannot pass in
the Foss of Wansdike over the downs,
from the junction with the Roman
•road,— the only part of which I spoke.
Ergo,-— This part of Wansdike never was, and never could be, a great an- cient Road !
Does Mr. Dukecall this *'nibbling?" I call it pinning ; but some parts of the Foss are more level than other parts; because, upon the slightest inspection^ it will appear that the immense mound has, at the top, been dug down, and thrown into the hollow.
I will not say a word more about ** hazy weather,'* as I fear it might make my friend somewhat senshive; for, unless he had been so> I think he would not have used such words as he has used, and which shew his modesty rather than strengthen h\s arguments i for I can only attribute it to modesty, that, gifted as he is with that instruc- tive intuition, which enables him so confidently to pronounce; and master of those arguments which indisputably convince himself, whilst they appear so inconclusive to 'others; — I can only attribute to modesty, and the want of a proper opinion of him- self, that, in speaking of an offi* cer who has had long practical expe- rience on the subject of defences in war, and fortification, though this might be nothing in comparison of Mr. Duke's own experience, — he only presumes that such an officer ought to be «* CASHIERED *' for his ignorance, when he might have said he ought to be *' drummed, like Parolles,'' out of the army, for not agreeing, on a mili- tary subject, with the Rev. Mr. Duke 1
But I must be allowed to say, I am still inclined to think that an experienced officer may know almost as much of these things as hintsclf ! Nay, I am tempted to think further, that, should that gallant gentleman hear of this decision of Mr. Duke, he
»
Queen Elizabeth's yiiit to Partitnouth, 1591.
[Jm.
might reply, " If I deserve to be * ca- shiered' for thinking an immense Val- lum, agreeably to all I have seen, to hare been raised as a line of defence, what does- he deserve, who cannot account for that immense mound otherwifc than by supposing it was raised to shelter the travellers on a road scarcely wide enough for a mule, from the ram, when, it being nearly forty feet high, it would be thirty feet above • the head ($( a man (going ten miles out of his way) on that mule!*'
As to arguments, Mr. Duke tells us he has yet more. Diique Dese- que omnes 1 but I have "nibbled'* instead of " grappling '* with his " series !'* Grapple with them ? Why, seriously, I should as soon think of grappling with a ** Series ** of — sand !
A ** series " of arguments depends upon this — whether the 6rst link of the chain is a datum. So far from it, the first and most essential point of Mr. Duke's series is a nullittf ; and, if so, all the links of his '* series *' fall to the ground of their own accord.
He must, therefore, allow me to leave them, till he has proved the first posi- tion; which, as he can never do, I shall not trouble myself with his series. But one word on my " pretended wit.'' I meant not the slightest disrespect; I spoke in good humour, not with un- kmdness; and he ought to make some allowance, for he himself suggested the " wit,'' such as it is, by first saying that the sun and moon went together on the pannels of a particular carriage. But I have done. 1 part with my cor- respondent, who VOLUNTARILY be- came so, with regard, and would wil- lingly refer the remaining discussion to my dining-room. I leave him in full possession of his full-moon at Abury, which, as they are both round, even his intuition cannot distinguish from the Sun.
When a person, in argument, is re- duced— I will not say, to an absurdity — but to an " impossibile," it is useless to contend. My friend, upon the questions between us, is as much bound and tied up, as Promotheus Vinctus — one on Tan-hill, as the other on Caucasus I — He may kick with his legs, but his head is fast : — and 1 here retire, conscious that nothing will con- vince him ; and equally conscious that all who have paid the least attention to the arguments, are already convinced.
I ought to make an apolo^ to yoo and your readers for having said so much ; and I leave them to determine whether he or 1 most deserve the motto—
*' Ex omiu ligno non fit Mercurids."
Yours, &c. W. L. Bowles.
Mr. Urbak;
IN the new edition of the " Pro- sresses of Queen Elizabeth," Mr. Nichols notices, that in 1 69 1 the Queen was at Portsmouth^ '* to which place, it appears, ale was sent from Guildford for her Majesty's use ;" and then adds, ** no particulars occur, of the Queen's visit to Portsmouth, though there is no doubt of her having visited that noble fortress ; to which at a great ei^pense she added many new works. She also placed a garrison there, of. which some part were to keep watch there night and day at the town gates^ and others are set at the top oT the Church tower, where, by ringing of a bell, they can give notice what horse and foot are advancing towards the town, and, by waving colours, signify from what quarter they come."
I have now to request you to insert a positive confirmation of the Queen's Visit to Portsmouth, extracts from the Records of that Cor|)oration ; which no doubt Air. Nichols would have inserted in his valuable work, hadiie known of its existence.
<' Memorandum. That on Monday, the SOtli dav of August, 1591, at an asaemblie in the house of Mr. Ric. Leonard, Mayor of the Towne of Portesmonth, then bttoge p'sent y* said Mr Richard Leonard, Maytor, Oirin Tottie, Richard Jarvis» John Honurv, Thomas Vaust, Thomas Tiidles, and divert other Bui^ess's of y^ said Towne, John Rider, Clarke, Chaplyn to the R%ht Ho. the Earle of Sussex, was made and admiti'd a Surges of the said Towne, and sworae ao- cordinglie, as well in consideration that the said John Rider was then Orator for the said Towne at the cominge of t'.ie Queenet Ma*^ tu Porieitmouth aforesaid, as also for that he hath likewise p*mised to supplie the same place at any other tyme when occasion shall serve."
Doubtless many interesting Histo- rical Memoranda are interspersed among the Records of this Corporation, which it is hoped may one day see the light. Yours, &c. N. R. S.
1899.]
[ 33 ]
REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.
A Fisii to the Seven Churches of Asia, with an Excursion into Pitidiof containing Re marks on the Geography and Antiquities of thme Countries^ a Map of the Author* s Routes, and numerous inscriptions. By the Rev. Fr. V.J. Arundel, British Chap- lain of Smyrna. 8tx). pp. 336.
V THE Seren Churches (see Revel, i. II) are Epbesus, Smyrna, Pergamos» Thyatira, aardis, Philadelphia, and La- odicea. All that remains of Ephesus is untenanted mud-cottages and heaps of unintelligible stones (u. 27). Smyrna is not described ; but well-known. Per- gamus has one church, St. Sophia's, now a mosque; Mr. Arundel thinks even earlier than the time of St. John (p. 289); ^^^ ^^^ Agios-Theologos,. conjectured to have been built by The- odosius (p. 287)* At Thyatira, which is populous, there are only one Arme- nian and one Greek church (p. I89). At Sardis there are ruins of two Churches; the whole number of dwel- lings being a few mud -huts and a mill or two (p. 178). The first Church, almost wholly constructed of magni- ficent fragments of earlier edifices, is, iieibaps, the ool^ one of the Seven Churches of which there are any dis- tinguishable remains (p. 179)* At Philadelphia (now called Allah Slier) a populous flourishing town, were twenty-five Churches, divine service beina; chiefly confined to five only, it being more than probable that the remains of the Church of St. John, (stone walls with brick arches), are reallv those of the first Church in Phi- ladelphia (pp. 170, 171)* At Laodicea (now called Eskinissar) are some small ruins of a Church, in which are frag- ments of a pillar or two of Cipolioo inarble. P. 87-
Greece and Asia Minor, like a land devoured by locusts, is marked by de- solation ; but we shall decline enume- ration of the Pagan antiouities, of which ample accounts may tx: seen in Mr. F<>sbrokc*8 Foreign Topography; and shall, according to our custom, notice curious things.
We may find whence came the fashion of our most ancient Churches, from the following conformities — a small Church, recently excavated upon the site of the ancient Colossal, atter- GiMT. Mag. January i 1 829.
wards Cliona*, was long and narrow; and semi-circular at the east end (p. 98). A very ancient arch, witk^gzag mouldings, occurs at Chardak (p. 103). At Bounarbaski or Subaski is an old . building, which has been called a Khan, but which rather resembles an ancient Church ; it stands east and west, and has three aisles, the centre communicating with the side ones by four or five pointed arches (p. 247). Facts like these set the doubifur ques- tion at rest.
The Greek and Roman theatres were in the stage part nearly alike, as appears by comparing the following passage with the model of that of Her- culancum. Remains of the stage ])art of Greek theatres are so rare, that they have been supposed merely wooden and temporary ; out at Sdgalassns or Selgcs- sus (now Aglason) a considerable por- tion of the proscenium and entrances is nearly perfect:
<' In the pulpitum was a centre door 15 feet high and 9 wide, and two smaller doors on either tide, of which the nearest was 1 1 feet high and 9 wide ; but the roost remote, near the ends of the cavea, only five^ includ- ing one of the door posts. The distance between the pulpitum and the scene was 18 feet. From the doors of the pulpitum were four step* to descend Into the or- chestra.*' P. 143.
Old manuscripts of the New Tes- tament ha%'e, it seems, been destroyed through conversion into school books.
" Having made a note in my last journey to Sard'is of some ancient manuscripts of the Gospels, which were said to be in one of the Churches at Philadelphia, the Bishop, who knew nothing about them, ordered a search to be made. The Priest who was sent on the inquiry told me, on his return, that be recollected to have formerly seen some very old pieces of parchment, but that be had learnt to-day the children {yauha) had torn them all up. Mr. Hartley saw two copies of the Gospels on veil jm at a school, but they were of no great antiquity. Our inquiries, however, led to the information, that in the neighbourhood of Csesarea, there is a manuscript of the Gospels in capital letters; and which is held in such high veneration, that the Turks always send tor it when they put a Greek upon his oath." P. 172.
Could out oiie of our Univerdities,
34
Rbtibw. — Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia.
[Jan;
or some of our public-spirited noble- men, effect the purchase of this manu« script ?
At Magnesia, Mr. Arundel inquired,
*« If there was «till a manufactory of red staiDed-glass, as in the time of Chishull, and was disappointed to find the art is at present as unknown in Magnesia as ia England. Every other colour has been brooghty I apprehend, to the highest perfection pos- sible in England ; but, if I am not misin- formed, red-glass of a particular tint is still a desideratum ; and yet I have often seen it in the stained-windows of Turkish housed." P. 195.
We know that this colour is abo- minably dear and imperfect, for we were obliged to give at the ratio of eighteen shillings per pound for some pieces of red-glass, and that very cloudy and hardly transparent.
On the xoad to Tripolis, Mr. Arun- del saw a wood of olive-trees, which, had not the leaf been seen, might have been mistaken for oaks or walnuts. All he had before seen bore no resemblance to forest trees ; but these had immensely large trunks twisted and distorted by a thousand inequalities, and most dis- proportioned to the light and silvery branches. P. 213.
An important passage in the New Testament is thus explained :
^ l£^ as thene can be little doubt, one or both of these grains [dari and maize] were cultivated in Judea, !t would be one of these which the disciples of our Lord gathered on the Sabbath-day. Wheat or barley coUld scarcely afford a nutritious food ; and in a hot climate the grain is so hardened as almost to resist the efforts of the teeth to masticate; but a single stalk of either dari or maize affords sufficient and agreeable repast. The latter is constantly eaten with no other preparation than a slight roasting; and in its natural state is gladly relished by the hungry travel leri the dari still more so. ' P. 283.
We find no dari in Harris's Natural History of the Bible, nor mMze^ nor /»(^taR corn, nor wheat. Well might Michaelis make an *' Oratio de de- fectibus Hrstoriae Naturalis, Itinere in Palestinam Arabiamqne suscepto, sar- ciendis," and well might he also say, *• Pour bien entendre le Vieux Testa- ment, il est absolument necessaire d*ap- profondir THistoire Naturelle aussi bien que les moeurs des Orientaux.*' But religionism and theology are dis- tinct things. The latter is not neces- sary to worldly interests, the former
may be an excellent topi of trade ; but they ought to be inseparable. It is well-known, that whatever extraordi- nary circumstance occurs in Scripture, it is said to be produced by the agency of an angel. Mr. Arundel presumes, that the pool of Bethesda was a bath, with hot waters. He says of one,
*' There were females within, and on their retiring, I tried the heat, and found it 108®; but perhaps in the centre^ where the spring spouted up, much more, lliis, like ul Turkish batlis, is first appropriated to the use of the females, who enter it early in the morning, and occupy it till about nooni during the rest of the day, till eveoi^, the men bathe in it. Now as the whole nlgh^ / is necessary to suffer the foul water to past off» it is evident that. the benefit arising from the purity of the water and its mcidicinal Virtuesi if it possesses any, ean only be received by those who first enter it; and there would natnrally be a competition fbr this privilege. I do not know how fiur this • may illustrate the pool of Bethesda, and th^ case of the poor man, who had no friend to put him sufficiently early into the bath* The pouting, or rather boiling, np of the central spring, may well be tensed the troubling of the water ; perhaps at Bethesda this was only at intervals, and not continued as in the bath of Tripolis." Pp. 2S7, S28.
We are glad at being able to sup* port this hypothesis of Mr. Arundel. Hammond (New Testament, p. 282), ^fter stating the foolish medicinal no- tions of the day (that water corrupted with the entrails of animals would tur6 diseases), concludes a long note with ** the Christian religion is no way con- cerned in the miraculousness of this cure, if such it were, it being afforded the Jews before CJhrist's coming, and Continued to them at this time df their resisting and crucifying of Christ.** Mr. Bloomfield, in his valuable work (the Recehsio Synoplica, HI. 150), Mftej rejecting as gratuitous and absurd, the hypotheses Quoted by Hammond, says, irom Bartnolin de Paralyt. N. Test. p. 78, •* turbatur aqua" therma- rnm suhterraneo colore elulliens,'* and that this opinion is further adopted by Dr. Mead, Bishop Pearce, Heuman, Rosen muller, Kuinoel, &c. &c.
At Ushak is conducted the manu- facture of Turkey carpets, "in whieh," remarks Mr. iJallaway, ** the excel- lence of the ancient Phrygian tapestry is continued to this day." P. 252. ♦We think it very probable that the manufacture was the same, but ^at
1899.]
REViuW.-^The Praetic€ of Tenancy, Stc
:i5
the patterns (as being of figures) were for hangingB different.
Of Greek tombs at Ushak^ Mr. Arundel says :
*< They have for the moet pert, wiihiD • circolu' arch, fuur square compartmeatt, io each of which are eiikblema, dis(ioguisbing the various mechaoical employroeots of the deceased." P. 959.
Among the Romans, in the Colum- baria, inscriptions commonly occupied the place of professional emblems^ This was an improvement of letters over hieroglyphics, but nevertheless •tich emblems do occur upon Roman monuments.
Homer (as quoted by Di. Clarke) mentions carts with bodies of wicker work. Mr. Arundel saw some, with the wheels regularly English^ one neatly spoked, and rimmed with iron, but tqueaking horribly from the axle noi being greased, (pp. 276*6.) We have in our neighbourhood taxed carts made of wicker work, as to the bodies, and painted. So useful is the " non ex- tingaetar"of archcological knowledge. Simple hr^rad tn England is an insipid thing, like fish without sauce, fiut Mr. Arundel says:
" During a residence of four years and a half in Asia Minor, I have never eaten such delicious bread as at Kirga^atch. It is amusing to observe the varied kimis and forma of bread which a traveller meeU with even in a Journey as short as mine. 7'he common loaf and fraogoU (a long roll) are to he met with generally only as you ap- proach within four or five days of Smyrna. Further in the interior, you have large pau- cakes, as thin as browu paper, which are eaten, either folded up or several doubled together; At Bourdour the bread was of a more singular form, verv little thicker than a good £oclish pancake, but instead of lieiog circular, about a yard long, and fuur inches wide." Pp. «77-«78.
I4ow we do think that a gourmand might consider pancakes, instead of dinner bread, to be a great improve- ment, for it is evidently the case as to Yorkahire pudding ; and we are as- tonisbed that the latter is not the uni- rersal substitute when roast joints are brought to table. We give this as a verbuM'$ai for brother epicures; and Cbambaod savs, why should good Jiving be connned to fools^ and bad living be l<^t to sensible men.
Camels and horses, on the walk, go rery nearly in equal paces, below tbiee , miles tn bour. P. 279*
Mr. Arundel thinks with Hasselquist, &c. that the foxes of Samson were jacka]ls(p. 309), because the latter are gregarious animals, the fox a solitary quadruped. Ovid says, (Fasti IV. lin. 681),
*' Cur fgitur missae jnnctis ardentia tsedis Terga ferant vulpes — "
^<md Apthonius (fab. 38), mentions a countryman sending a fox, with a torch tied to his tail, into a neighbour's corn-field. It is certain that the He- brew name hjfW inay suit the jackall as well as the fox. M'e quote Harris's Nat. Hist. Bible, p. 148.
We have thus given, we hope^ suf- ficient samples of the interest and in- formation to be derived from Mr. Arundel's work. A real author tra- veller is highly to be valued, because he neither writes from his brain, or makes books out of books. He may be said to write pictures ; and a few lines, descriptive of the state of a place, confers more accurate, statistical, and philosophical knowledge, than volumes of metaphysical dis()uisition. If a ham- let or village of England has not a gen* tieman's house in it, it is evident that it is peopled by farmers and day-la- bourers, and that it is uncivilized, and the inhabitants ignorant. In the same manner, the barbarizing pestilence of Islam ism is to be seen over the whole East, where it operates liKe the Circaean magic, metamorphosing human beings into the form of pies, or at the best of only the more iotelli|^ent brutes, with no other characteristics of man than the heroism and disregard of danger common to savages.
The Practice qf Tenancy and Ctatamt of Counliee in Great BrilaiH. By L. Ken* nedy and T. B. Grainger. 8t». pp» 384.
IT is known, that when capita! Is invested in land, it pa^ only two and a half per cent, ana m traae ten per cent. It is also known that ten traoes- men retire with a fortune, while ndt one farmer does the same. Settinig aside therefore the idea of landed secu- rity being better than any other, for it is not to the purpose, it is plain that the profits of Commerce are far beyond those of Agriculture. It is plain too that the manufacturer is not impeded by seasons, or sul-jt-ct to augmt ntatioa oi rents or poor's rates. It is also true« as our authors say :
36
Review. — The Practice of Tenancy, 8(C,
[Jan.
"It is impossible for any state to become great and powerful within itself by means of commerce alone : all history proves that where trade alone was depended upon^ though considerable wealth might be accu- mulated, yet» when the hour of danger came, the state was found to be nerveless aod pow- erless." P. 62.
Holland aiK) the Hanse towns prove this position.
On the other hand it may be af- firmed, that commerce generates a mouied capital, which the other does not, and that it makes an estate out of mere industry, and the arts of civiliza- tion ; and that this monied capital causes a mere petty tax to supersede a requisition ; and detracts an immense popuIatioQ from the sole support of the land.
In reality, both a<i;riculture and commerce are " hens that lay golden e^^s," and n^i/^er should be oppressed. But it is evident that there is a jea- lousy entertained of the far inferior pronts of the former.
For our own parts, we know that, although there may not exist any revo- lutionary measure, in a direct form, yet that most efficient mode of effect- ing that result, by annihilation of the natural consequence and rank of the landowners, and indeed of rendering plebeianism supreme, does exist in an indirect mode. We consider as traps, laid for Government to fall into, certain popular bubbles of the day, because they have an operation similar to that of rarliamentary Reform (though not so obvious), and because men may be killed by poison as well as the sword. If by free trade and anti-corn bills, competition be introduced, then is Pe- ter only robbed to pay Paul ; and if, as political economy says, the foreign com- modities can only be purchased by . manufactures, and thefelore no loss is sustained, it is not the fact, for, as our authors justly say, the farmer has only the home market for his goods, while the manufacturer has both that and the foreign also, and of course the latter has ah undue preference. But we miwt come to figures. The general . number of persons in a square mile in 1811 was 175, in the agricultural po- pulation only 36. Taking the food of each person to require the produce of three acres, the former wants 58 acres, the latter only V2. And by de- ' ducting 36 from 175, it is evident that J 39 persons obtained a maintenance
distinct from the agricultural class. Ac- cording toCapt. Fiitman (Polit. Econ. pt. i. p. 21.) the average annual cost of food per head for every individual is 9/. 4s, ; but, taking it at 9/. the annual amount in an agricultural population of 36 persons, is 324/. for a square mile, or 640 acres, out of which only twelve are required for support of the population, at 3 acres per head. It is probable therefore that sixty persons at least are taken off the agricultural population by trade in every square mile, which, tak- ing the whole number of square miles in the kingdom to be about 58,0009 makes the population removed to be 3,480,000. Multiply this number by 9/. the annual cost of food per bead is 31,320,000/. ' Deduct eight millions for poor's rates (supposing that they are wholly paid by agriculturists), the result is that the agricultural population is eased by trade of 23,320,000/. an- nually. Of course the balance is great- ly in their (the agriculturists*) favour, which could not ensue if the profits of trade were not far superior to that of land ; for, if the surplus population were not thus taken off, an Irish potatoe system must ensue.
Add to this that trade alone enables us to man our fleets, furnish an enor- mous portion of our revenue, and save the agriculturists from bearing the whole expences of the state.
In short, if estates are saleable at so low an interest of capital as two and a half per cent, it is evident that nothing but cheapness of money, i. e. a monied capital, could be the means of their ob- taining a high price. Subject to the entire burden of the population, and of the expences of the state, what would they be worth ? Nothing at all, as a source of independent income or Irve- lihood from rent. People would be content with sufficient lands for family use, and the country be filled with pefty proprietors.
Through the gross partiality of our authors for the agricultural system, eor- clusively, we have thus been obliged to strike a balance. But in so doing we are far from supporting current popular no- tions ; it being our opinion that the home trade should not be discouraged. For let it be remembered that uhder a free trade, if goods must be created to purchase the imports, it is at the cost of a diminution of profits, a consequent increase of pauperism, and a subjection to the caprice of foreigners. The old
1929.]
Rbvibvit.— *r/(e Practice of Tenancy^ Ssc.
37
rule used to be, exchaoge for what you cannot produce yourselves. In shott, we deprecate foolish discouragements of trade, because these drive the popu- lation back upon agriculture, and we would have the latter held up, because^ as our authors say :
'* Were the prices of agricultural produce ia Great Britain driven down to the low rate which some teem to have contem- plated by the too easy introduction of conn- modi ties of a similar description, tYie growth of foreign soils, it is by no means too much to lay, that the depreciation in the value of laud and contingent property would amount to 600,000,000^ and where is the foreign trade to be found, that could by possibility compensate for such an enormous deficit, which must in its effects involve the utter ruin of almost every class of the commu- nity." P. 48.
Our sly Jesuitical seditionists, in their hopes of overturning the constitution, by invisible means, are aware of the awful results alluded to in the extract quoted, and utter loud yells aeainst the necessary protection of agriculture, be- cause, if It were left unprotected, as they wish, the landowners and their dependants would have no means of self-preservation, and be brought to the workhouse, — a state of things they most ardently desire.
We shall mdulge only one more re- mark as to the political part of this work, a remark founded upon that cruel system of the political economists, who, under the phrase of cheapening labour, generdte pauperism and crime ; for,
«* All experience proves that there cannot be a more unwise or destructive policy than that which tends to place the workman or the labourer in a situation only, as it were, one degree in the scale removed from star- vation. It not only destroys every feeling of independance and respectability, but it operates as a temptation to crime, and too frequently he proceeds from the less to greater offences, till the amount in the ag- gregate throughout the'country becomes fear- fully alarming, and, unhappily, a generation growing up is presented to view,who are more demoralized than their parents." P. 81.
Thus it is. Circumstances are in the actual process of demoralization ; as ex- cessive wages, prompting debauchery, are given in some trades, at least for a time, or mere starvation wages in others. The present age takes up no- minal religion as the cure for immo-
rality, which is treating topically a coo* stitutional disease. Well do our authors say :
> " Religious ipstruction, and educatioii accompanying it, are unquestiooably most essential ; but they aire not of themselves, nor can they be, the remedy sought for ; they doubtless frequently enable men to bear up against calamity, ' and resist temp- tation, but it is impossible they can remove the evils arising from the extreme poverty of numerous classes of the community. P. 121,
Mr. Becher has proposed the rational and statesroan-like remedy ; why is it not patronized ?
we shall now proceed to the agri- cultural parts of this work. The chief point urged is the substraction of ca- pital in the valuation outlay, paid by an incoming to an outgoing tenant, a plan which does not exist in the nortn of England, and there our authors say :
" This ia all avoided in the North of England, and merely by means of the simple expedient that one tenant hat nothing to do with the other. The outgoer acts upon his own system, and disposes as he pleases of any part of the property on the farm, except what he is obliged to use upon the premises* Whilst the incomer has nothing to pay for valuation, no favor to ask of the outgoer ; he is enabled to purchase a sufficient stock, wherever he has the best opportunities of making good bargains, and enters the farm completely unhicurabered, with the remain- der of his capital left, after purchasing his stock, to carry on business with every pr^is- pect of success." P. 93.
This evil would we think be remedied by the simple method of letting farms at old Michaelmas. The outsoer would then have his crops in, and he might be accommodated with a barn or two for threshing them out till Midsummer.
For turniping and winter food, spe- cific clauses might be made by the landlord, which would not affect the incomer.
In page 6l is a most useful table of sums (in the pound per acre) paid by the different counties for poor s rates. These, though increased by manufac- tures in some degree, are chiefly exag- gerated by large towns. We find, that in Westmorland and Northumberland, the amount per acre is only Jifteen pence per pound; in Lancashire, the seat of the cotton manufacture, only Qs. 3d. ; in Gloucestershire, Somerset- shire, Wiltshire, and Yorkshire, the
Revibw.— Hodgson's History of Nor^umberUmd. {Jmtk
•ette of th«f €k>lhiog trade« the assess- ment is only from 9'. to 5;. Bui in the County, qf Middlesepp, it is threb
FOUNDS THIRTEEN SHILLINGS AND
TEN PENCE, though in the County of Surrey, one arm of the London and Westminster coat, it is only eleven
SHILLINGS AND TEN PENCE. That
living is just as cheap in St. George's Pielos as in the City and West end, is certain I but if, taking the Surrey ratio, the proportion on the Northern Bank of tne Thames is not more dense in the proportion of nearly seven to one, there is great mismanagement in the two corpulent sisters, L>ondon and Westminster,, which imperiously xe^ quires parliamentary attention.
Here we must end. We are ac- quainted with the husbandry of cer- tain of the counties mentioned, and have been surprised at their accuracy. Our authors have exercised an undue partiality towards the agricultural sys- tem, and we think, on the subject of emigration, that when the population is obliged to fasten, as in Ireland, upon small patches of land for support, tnen does the clock strike the hour for emi- gration ; but, upon the whole, the work abounds with lessons of pru* dence,and precedents of improvementr
A History qf North amberlaod, in Three Parts. By John Hodgson, Clerk, Vicar ^ Whelpington, ^c. Part III. voL ii. Contaming Ancient Records and Historical Papery, 4to. pp, 43A.
WE do not like to see old friends with new faces, and such would be county histories without records. They are certainly dull ; but what then i •--they are the bones, muscles, and blood of local history. Topography without record is an estate without earth. But there are important moral and political consequences attached to such useful collections, consequences well exhibited by Mr. Hodgson, who is • writer of depth, in the following
•<Aaxiety lor the prtstrvatioa, and a ^Mp sesM of the valot, of public and fiunily sandBMBti, ar» SMlinga that tprinf ovt of lo|al^ and attentkm to ■tl^pr•Mrvatioa, MM an eharaouristio of (ht mgh-niiMled •ad patrioUo peoplt who liva upon astatet which have datccnded to them from remote ancaatiy- have been (he reward of valour, or wisdom, or industry, and which especially have been kept unspotted by dishonourable and enthralling incumbnBcea. How, indeed.
can a meious and enlightenad pKOgjtoj look with indifference upon those charton of .their rights, liberty, and property, whii^ their ancestors had sealed with thea Uood* or emblazoned with the gloiy of srr^t or use- ful deeds ^ A conqueror, who wianes to begin a new era in a country, by dUviding ita proper^ among his adherents, natnralN enough de* sires to destroy all evidences of the achieve- ments and possessions of the people he has vanquished. A remarkable event of this kind occurred in China about 8000 yean since, when Chi-Hoang-ti, for the pnrpoee of obliterating every trace of the feudal go- vernment that preceded his dynas^, de- stroyed all its boolcs and writings, excepting such as related to law and medicine, and pus to death great niunbers of learned men, lest they should relate from memory any portion of the genuine memoirs or established sn^ perstitions of their country. Somethii^ similar to this may always be expected to happen, where neglect or misniakiagement permits popular discontent to lipen into hatred, and to bring on a revoluUim : in the heat of revenge the actors in a new order of things, naturally seek security for them- selves, their power, and property, not merely from those whom they bad removed from their offices and estates, but firom their de- scendants, by the destruction of such teh cords and papers as might assist the con- quered party in the recovery of their righte, in the event of a successful re-acUon. Prynne asserts, that in several periods of the unsettled state of our country, «the pre- vuling king's parties embezzled and sup- pressed such parliamentary records and pro- ceedings as made most against their interest, power, and prerogative t" and Ayloffe to this quotation addU, that " it cannot be doubted that in those times the like fiUe befel manv other of our national muni- ments ;" that *< damps, mildew, and vermin have, firom time to time, deprived us of many antient and valuable records." Dugdale, in his Baronage,* cites the Scottish Rolls for the S4th year of Edward the First, which records, as well as similar documents for the preceding and succeeding year of the same reign, were not existing when that copious source of historical evidence was printed by government m 1814. It is the multiplica- tion of copies of the authentic histories of countries ud places, and especially of useful records and papers, which tends to avert these effscts of wars, revolutions, and neg- lect. It is thu process that keeps the moat antient writings in perennial youth. It preserves the remembrance of such arts and aeasuree as have been fMmd to be useful and good, suitable to the climate in which they have rooted and thriven, and to the people by whom they have been adopted. It keeps truth before men's eyes, and conae-
• Vol. i. p. 595.
1899.] Rbtiew.—- Fisher'8 AnUquUiei of Bedfordshire.
30
quentlj givet a rellf h for histories that are romicled on fitcts, in preference to works of iinaginationy £kbles» and romance. It pre- vents the spread of visionary theories^ by encouraging us to protect and defend toe Uiirs under which oar predecessors have long lived happiijy rather than venture upon such rash and vun experiments in legislation, as usuallj end in democratical risings and poli- tical ruin. * Records,* indeed, * are the treasuries and conservatories of our laws, and tbe standard to which we must resort for the resolving and ascertaining all constitutional points ; the j are the testimonies of our le- gislation and of all juridical and judicial pro- ceedingsy and the perpetual evidence of every man's rights, privUeges* and liberties.' * The same fertUe mine likewise offers us a rich vein of materials for improving and il- lustrating our English topography,' * and for rendering our local history and antiquities of essential and public use.'* "
la Preface, p. v. Mr. Hodgson sug- gests the following improveoient con- cerning deeds.
<f From the very large and inconvenient size of most modem deeds, and tlie great difficnl^ in keeping them in order and from mjory, 1 cannot here omit this suggestion — tut some statutory enactmeut, making every 90tt of conveyance of property illegal, unless it were plainly written upon parchment or paper of the foolscap or some other specified size, and the several sheets of each deed were inlaid, might be of considerable indi- vidual and national advantage. Title-deeds would then be easily accessible to the parties they belonged to ; and if every deed was paged, and the contents of each clause in- dexed at its end, it would be rendered still more intelligible and useful. On this plan, deeds would be all of one size ; and might be protected with covers, according to their owner's fancy t series pf them belongiug to the same estate might be bound into vo- lumes ; and copies of the whole much more conveniently made for the purpose of com- mon reference."
In p. 171 is a copy of an ancient survey, (33 H. VIII.) relative to the marches between England and Scot- land, which appears to us very illus- trative of ancient manners and customs, as far as concerns boundaries^ castles, &c.
Drawings and plans were made of castles and towns, and sent up to Go- vernment.— p. 172.
Roads were made around the boun- daries of towns, for the convenience of perambulating them. — p. 172.
The use of Wansdike as a boundary, is proved by the existence of a ditch
* Ayloffe's Calenders; &c. Introd. iv. and v.
for this purpose, called '' th^ march- dyke of old mencon." — p. 174^
A rivulet or brook was another t)oundary.-- p. 176.
A hanging stone was a limit-^—
" To the hanging stone which, ys the boundes and mere betweene the easte and middle marches of England." — p. 178,
We might think that this was a rocking-stone; but Stonehenee f Siurum pendulum) was the denomination of Stone-henge (see Lye), and we think that the " hanging stone'* merely im- plied a stone upon . an acclivity, iu the same sense as we now use the term ** hanging wood."
(To he continued,)
Monumental Remains and AntiquUiet in the County of Bedford. By Thoaaas Fisher.
This is a very curious antiqaarian work, consisting of thirhr-seven draw- ings upon stone, executed by Mr.Fisber^ and only fifty copies of each have been printed at the lithographic press of D* J. Redman.
Mr. Fisher was one of the first en- couragers of lithography, or, as be termed it, poly autography, in this country; and to him we are obliged for a curious memoir of Philip if. Andr^, the first i^itrpducer of the art in this country, which appeared in our volume Lxxviii. p. IQ3,
Mr. Fisher has distinguished him- self also by a vigourous opposition to the illiberal Act unjustly designated for the encouragement of literature. His ap- peal to the legislature on this subject has been laid before the public.
This Act, it appears, has been the sole cause of stopping in their pro- gress two very curious works begun by Mr. Fisher, and the completion of which has long been the wish of mdny a collector of antiquarian publications. We allude to ** The Antient, Allego- rical, Historical, and Legendary Paint- ings at Stratford upon Avon," and «*The Collections for Bedfordshire.*' But on this subject Mr. Fisher shall speak for himself:
" The progress of these works was inter- rupted by that ver^ singular measure of Par- liamentary encouragement, the Copyright Act. By that Act the Curators of eleven privileged libraries acquired a legal right to demand, without remuneration, eleven copies of any and of every book which might there- after be published in Great Britain, with letter-press; a right which, so long as it exists, will operate on the publications above
40
Rbvibw.— Svrcet*8 Hortus BrilanrdeuM,
tJaiL
jnelsned tOy and oo all similar projected worln, however intrinsically valuable or praiseworthy, as a discouragement.
" But it is hoped that the impolicy of this enactment will soon be obvious to all impartial persons, and to the Legislature in particular. It is now known that the Copyright Act has, oo the one hand, fiiiled to secure to the &- voured parties mucU of that benefit which they had desired so inconsiderately, and la- boured to obtain so strenuously ; while, on the other hand, if it has not altogether ba- nished elegant and expensive literature from this country, it has at least turned the scale very much in favour of foreign nations, where the act of publication entails upon an Mithor no silch penalties and loss of pro- perty as the Copyright Act imposes. A comparison of the productions of tne British press, in almost every department of science, with those of the presses of the continent of Europe, daring the last ten years, will verify the observation.
« Such being the state of facts, may it not he reasonably expected, that at no very distant period, the subject will be again brought under the consideration of Parlia- nient ; and that, when the impolicy of the law shall have been made apparent by a re- ference to the actual result of ten years' ex- perience of its operation, this oppressive statute will be repealed, and freedom be again restored to the literature and science of Great Britain?"
In this wish we most cordially join. From our experience in trade we are aware of many valuable and extensive works, rather than incur so heavy a penalty, having been either given up altogether, or published without the necessary explanatory letter-press^ thus evading the penalty of the law.
Hortus Britanmcui; or a Catalogue of Plants cultivated in the Gardens qf Great Britain, arranged in Natural Orders; with the addition of the Linmean Classes and Or- ders to which they belong, &!c. By R. Sweet, F,LS, 800. p.\. Ridgway.
THIS useful work must have occa- fioned the author great application of labour in ananging all the genera and species accordiog to their natural affi- nities, a plan which we believe has never been before introduced into any general catalogue of plants. It ap- pears to be by Tar the most useful me- thod for the cultivator, as it brings toffether the plants that are the nearest related ; and we observe, in the same line with the generic name, the addition also of the Linnaeau class and order to which it belongs.
It certainly is the most complete and useful catalogue that has yet appeared, as in one line it gives the systematic and English names, where cfescribed, of what country it is native, the year introduced, the months when in flower, whether hardy or tender, its duration, and reference to the books in which it is figured ; and where any. names have been lately changed, a synonym is given in italics to show what It is changed from. It also con- tains nearly double the number of plants contained in any other catalogue that we have seen, so that, on the whole, we believe it could not have been more complete. In our opinion,' the arrangement according to the na- tural system is far preferable to that of an artincial one, particularly for cultiva- tors, and on this account the present work should be in the hands of all gardeners and cultivators of plants, and the references to the figures will also render it very useful to the botanist. -
The author's previous works, viz. the Hortus Suburbanus Londinensis ; the Hothouse and Greenhouse Manual Cultivator ; Geraniaceae ; Cistintae ; and the British Flower-garden ; have been deservedly admired and appre- ciated, and have acquired for the author the most extended reputation both at home and on the continent of Europe, and happy should we feel if our tardy notice of his labours should be the means of stimulating him to still greater exertions.
The Sympathizing High-priest. Three 5er- mons, preached in the parish church of St. Mary, Aldermary. By the Rev, H. B. Wilson, D. D. F.S.A. Rector. 8 w. pp. 44 .
WE do not like such odd expres- sions as the thickness of our Saviour s sweats (p. 8) during his agony ; but many divines do not think literary character of any moment in the compo- sition of sermons.
These before us are directed against Unitarianism in one view, and in com- memoration of the public virtues of the late Archbishop Sutton in another. A pious and benevolent spirit seems to animate the three discourses, and we highly respect the author for his amia- ble and excellent intentions. We agree with him in his opinion, that
** Many of the dissensions which unhap- pily divide and distract mankind 00 the subject of religion, are to be traced to an aoxiety to divest it of all mystery." — ^p. i.
1SQ9.]
Rktiew. — Nee1e*s L&erary Remqini.
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The Literary Remams if the lati Henry Neele, Author of the " Romance vf His- tory " Sfci^c. etmsisting of Lectures an En^ish Poetry t Tales, and other Miscd- laneous Pieces^ in prose and verse, Svo,
LET OS imagine that we are walk- ing amidst grand forest scenery, and that our attention is caught b)r a fine majestic rock, at the foot of which is a "fons salientis aquae," beautifully pel- lucid. We gaze on it with delight, for seeing is like feeling. The plea- sore of viewing an interesting object is only a delicate and fine sentiment.* While we are thus gazing, the water becomes dim from some invisible cause. I^ is next agitated ; the per- turbation increases to boiling. We are astonished. On a sudden it sinks wholly into the ground, and not a traceof it appears. Such is the history of the genius, writings, and prema- ture death of Henry Neele. Genius was the rock ; his ideas flowing from it were pre-eminently lucid, and often surpassingly beautiful ; not an opacity or cloudiness is, we think, to be seen in one of his gems ; but, like Horace's " Fons Blandusiae, splendidior vitro," of which the poet says, " Fies nobi- lium tu quoque fontium," just as he was known and appreciated, and be- ginning to shine above the lesser stars of the literary hemisphere. Insanity seized him, and held him fast, while Death assassinated him. Let us not be uncharitable, for a levis insania cha- racterizes all poets whatever ; and not only does Democritus exclude "sanos Helicone poetas," and Cicero ouote Plato as siying that the true poetical character cannot exist, "sine inflaui- matione animorum, et sine quodam af- flatu quasi furoris,*' but the unfortu- nate subject will not endure restraint from prudence, — his bias is insupera- ble.
** Nanciscetur enim pretium nomenque poetse [quam
Si tribiis Anticyris caput insanabile nun- ToDsori Sicino coromiserit."
Neele, though he became an excel- Jent French scholar, never displayed at school any application, or even talent for Greek, Latin, or study of any sort,
♦ On 8*exerce k voir comme k sentir, ou plutdt, une vue exquise u'est qu*un senti- ment delicat et fin. Rousseau. See our author, p 345.
Gknt. Mag. January, 1829.
6
except poetry. But this nedect he redeemed by subsequent application. His profession was that of an attorney, in which character he may be consi- dered rather as a machine than a man. His voluntary pursuits were decidedly intellectual ; but we are inclined to think that they were much assisted by his professional studies. We allude to the singular clearness and precision of his manner of thinking and writing, ^-a manner which is equal to the best of the classics. , In his excellent Lec- tures on Poetry, he not only rivals Blair, but he animates the subject with the nicest and most accurate dis- criminations of character; he exhibits perfect atoms as it were in a micro- scope, and displays their distinct fea- tures and organization ; and, not only this, but to Keep attention awake, he sets dry narrative to the finest music of elegant humour and delicious senti- ment. Neele felt when it was ne- cessary to shun taedium, an important caution in all vivA voce oratory; and he knew that diamonds in the mine were only heaps of earth, till they were polished and set. Johnson's celebrated preface to Shakspeare is a grand set speech, made in honour of the Bard ; hat it is evident that here, as in- all Johnson's writings, it is himself, not the subject, who is exhibited, — the performer, not the play. In the dis- section of Shakspeare, on the con- trary, Neele contented himacif with being the operative anatoniist ; and with what consummate skill he has illustrated the great master of the hu- man character, Shakspeare, may ap- pear from the following extract:
** Of Shakspeare*s comic female charac- ters, it will he sufficient to adduce two, Rosalind and Beatrice. What a fascinating creature is the first \ what an admirable compound of wit, gaiety, and good humour! blended at the same time with deep and strong passion, with courage and resolu- tion, with unshaken affection to her father, and constant and fervent love for Orlando. How extraordinary and